Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job Essay

Do Ethical Theories Help Journalists do Their Job - Essay Example 101). In the conduct of their profession, journalists are practically confronted with various ethical dilemmas that it would be better for them to be armed with ethical theories than not. Furthermore, ethical theory becomes more important to journalists given the impact they can create to their readership (public opinion) and the society (public values) as a whole – which according to Iggers (1998, p. 15) makes journalism ethics unique – especially in this era of corporate journalism wherein the interest of capital often clashes with that of the public, putting in jeopardy journalism’s long-held principles as defined by the Society of Professional Journalists (1973): â€Å"Seek truth and report it; minimize harm; act independently; and be accountable† (Friend & Singer 2007, p. xix; Boeyink & Sandra 2010, p. 17; Black & Roberts 2011, p. 51). Hanlin (1992, p. 28) is perfectly understandable to say that â€Å"many critics might agree with the suggestion that any man rich enough to buy a newspaper should not be allowed to own one.† This statement simply illustrates how the situation and the organisation in which journalists perform their profession today make journalism ethically challenging. It is easy to criticise journalists in fulfilling their profession. But the very condition in which journalists perform their profession oftentimes puts them in situations that test their ethical principles. For example, while journalists are committed to reporting the truth – which is believed to be the core of journalism – finding the truth, especially the dangerous ones, is actually something not easy to achieve in legal and even ethical ways. So, what course of action should journalists take if the only way to find the truth is either by stealing the information or by using deceptive strategies? (Jackson 1992, p. 69) Would it be unethical to go into stealing, lying and deceiving in the name of truth? But what would happen wi th journalism if it defaults in finding out and reporting the truth? The answer to this question will surely vary depending on the ethical theory that journalists hold onto. For example, one may find the task to bring out the truth by any means more important than observing the law. Anyway, it is often argued that not all that is legal is ethical and not all that is ethical may be legal. It may also be argued that the end justify the means. Added to this ethical dilemma is the issue of confidentiality in journalism. The News Manual defines the centrality of confidentiality of sources in the ethics of journalism on the basis of trust. Meaning, journalists may divulge information given in confidence, but must protect the identity of their sources not unless the sources permit journalists to name them. Any breach on this agreement might jeopardize the whole profession, because in the future sources may no longer give sensitive information in confidence. (Ingram & Henshall, 2008) In rel ation to acquiring information through illegal means, journalists can deny it by opting to invoke this confidentiality clause. But to resort to such trick only worsens the ethical dilemma because aside from lying, this clause that is meant to protect sources is maliciously used. Though the confidentiality clause can be misused by journalists to get away with the law, this same clause can also put journalists into an extremely difficult situation. In

Monday, October 28, 2019

Cyber Security Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Cyber Security Research Paper Essay 1. Preface This security profile of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is based on two documents of public record. The first is the published VA Handbook 6500 (VAH 6500) which defined policy and procedures for systems within the purview of the VA (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007). The second document is the Federal Information Security Management Act Assessment for FY 20011 commissioned by the VA Office of Inspector General (OIG) and performed by Ernst Young in accordance with Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) guidelines (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. i). 2. Identification of Controls This security profile presents one control function from three primary policy and procedure controls. These controls are â€Å"System/New Technology Development Life Cycle† from Management Controls, â€Å"Security Training, Education, and Awareness† from Operational Controls, and â€Å"Remote Access† from Technical Controls. These controls are selected based on the lack of resolution based on information provided fiscal year 2006, 2010 (VA Office of Inspector General, 2011) and 2011 (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012) FISMA audits. 3. Management Controls The protection of systems via risk mitigation techniques are referred to as management controls. Management controls are designed to minimize risk associated with development process and systems implementation. 4.1. VAH6500 Section 6.a.(7) System/New Technology Development Life Cycle VAH6500 requires that any new technology undergo a systems development life cycle (SDLC) specific to the VA. The cycle consists of Initiation, Development / Acquisition, Implementation, Operation / Maintenance and Disposal. Systems must be able to encrypt/decrypt data. Systems not capable of this must receive a waiver from the OIG. 4.2. Implementation Assessment The SDLC program provided does not provide the necessary information for an effective program. No supporting material or references to NIST SP 800-64 Rev2 Security Considerations in the System Development Life Cycle or VAH 6500.5 Incorporating Security and Privacy into the System Development Life Cycle is made. 4.3. Implementation Impact The OIG 2011 FISAM Assessment indicates that â€Å"FISMA Section 3544 requires establishing policies and procedures to ensure information security is addressed throughout the life cycle of each agency information system† (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 9). Based on the lack of consistency in use of SDLC and change control, major security risks may go unnoticed. 4. Operational Controls Operational controls focus on techniques and procedures put in place by Information Technology staff or systems managers. The purpose is to increase security and provide deterrence via system controls. 5.4. VAH6500 Section 6.b.(11) Security Training, Education, and Awareness VAH6500 provides a concise policy which states any individuals that access sensitive information or systems must complete annual security training. Key persons with â€Å"significant† roles must attend additional training. All training is monitored for completeness. Policy indicates before employees can use systems security training must be completed. 5.5. Implementation Assessment Policy indicates that fourteen key pieces of information must be covered before an individual is allowed to begin work. This training must also be refreshed annually. The tracking of this information is the responsibility of the local ISO (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007, p. 57). 5.6. Implementation Impact The distributed manner of training management is not conducive to consistent security training. The OIG 2011 FISAM Assessment findings indicate a centrally managed training database be used to ensure personnel receive the proper training needed for their job function (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 15). 5. Technical Controls The technical control area focuses on minimizing and/or preventing access to a system(s) by unauthorized individuals via technical measures. The measures are designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a system(s) (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 54). 6.7. VAH6500 Section 6.c.(3) Remote Access Control VAH6500 relies on nineteen policy requirements to enforce technical control. VA policy states that no sensitive information may be transmitted via internet or intranet without proper security mechanisms that meet NIST FIPS 140-2 criteria (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007, p. 61). Each department within the Agency is responsible for monitoring remote access and privilege functions. Access can be revoked by a supervisor or superior at any time. The remaining requirements cover contractor access, PKI certificate distribution and termination of accounts. System protection is the responsibility of the ISO for each area of access. 6.8. Implementation Assessment VAH6500 does not utilize NIST SP 800-46 Guide to Enterprise Telework and Remote Access Security. The OIG 2011 FISAM Assessment also indicates some remote access systems do not provide Network Access Control (NAC) to block systems that do not meet predefined security requirements (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 6). 6.9. Implementation Impact The diversity of ISO management practices coupled with a lack of specific procedures for management, auditing and access creates opportunity for security breaches. 6. Summary The three controls outlined in this document show the disparity between written policy, procedure, and implementation. In order for the VA to be successful in meeting the standards of future FISMA assessments, a fundamental change in operations within the VA is required. 7. Comments The multifaceted nature of operations within the VA requires guidelines that meet the needs of multiple departments within the Agency. All three controls discussed in this document have very broad definitions to accommodate the extensive variety of services the VA provides. This flexibility coupled with a drop in training acceptance, legacy systems (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 7) and the lack of an â€Å"implemented components of its agency-wide information security risk management program† (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 3) will continue to limit future progress. These delay factors provide an understanding of why twelve recommendations from prior FISAM assessments remain open. Of the twelve recommendations listed in the VA FISMA FY 2011 report, only three have been closed, while three other recommendations have been superseded by new recommendations (VA Office of Inspector General, 2012, p. 19). The recent announcement of the Continuous, Readiness in Information Security Program (CRISP) seems to indicate a fundamental shift in the way the VA views security issues (United States Department of Veterans Affairs). In order for this program to be successful, this message must be understood and acted upon by all persons under the VA umbrella. 8.References Department of Veterans Affairs. (2007). VA Handbook 6500. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://www.va.gov/vapubs/viewPublication.asp?Pub_ID=56 Department of Veterans Affairs. (2010). Strategic Plan FY 2010-2014. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://www.va.gov/op3/Docs/StrategicPlanning/VA_2010_2014_Strategic_Plan.pdf National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2010). Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information System (NIST 800-53a). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-53-Rev3/sp800-53-rev3-final_updated-errata_05-01-2010.pdf United States Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). CRISP. Retrieved February 21, 2013, from United States Department of Veterans Affairs: http://www.saltlakecity.va.gov/features/CRISP.asp VA Office of Inspector General. (2011). Department of Veterans Affairs Federal Informati on Security Management Act Assessment for FY 2010 (10-01916-165). Washington, D.C.: US Government Publishing Office. Retrieved from http://www.va.gov/oig/52/reports/2011/VAOIG-10-01916-165.pdf VA Office of Inspector General. (2012). Department of Veterans Affairs Federal Information Security Management Act Assessment for FY 2011 (11-00320-138). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved February 20, 2013,from http://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG-11-00320-138.pdf

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Developing an Organ Transplant Market Essay -- Medicine Medical Essays

Developing an Organ Transplant Market According to a new book, The U.S. Organ Procurement System, written by economists David Kaserman and A. H. Barnett, there are 80,000 Americans on the organ transplant waiting list. Twenty of them die each day as a direct result of organ shortages; that's over 7,000 each year. These lost lives are not so much an act of God as they are an act of Congress because of its 1984 National Organ Transplant Act, that prohibits payment to organ donors. Reliance on voluntary donations, has been an abject policy failure. It's noteworthy that everyone else involved in the organ transplant business is rewarded handsomely - that includes surgeons, nurses and organ procurement workers. How might an organ transplant market work? Lloyd Cohen, a law professor at George Mason University, envisions letting people contract in advance to permit the harvesting of any usable organs when they die. The money earned would become a part of their estate. Many people are offended by the notion of human body parts becoming commodities for sale. There's at least a tiny bit of inconsistency because there is a market for human blood, semen and hair. How many vital things in our lives do we depend on altruism or voluntary donations to provide? Food is vital, water is vital; so are clothing and housing. We don't depend on altruism and voluntary donations to provide these goods. And for good reason - there'd be massive shortages. Why should we depend on altruism or voluntary donations to provide what we may one day need more urgently than food, water, clothing or housing? All objections to organ sales reduce to either nonsense, ignorance or arrogance. Let's look at some of them. One concern is that if organs are sol... ...r more criminal activity associated with alcohol manufacture, distribution and consumption than there is now. To the extent that prohibition of organ sales reduces their supply, holding all else equal there's greater incentive for illegal activities involving organ transplants, including murder. The medical profession has traditionally been opposed to organ sales. Their opposition would seem to be in violation of Hippocrates' admonition - primum non nocere. But they've recently taken steps, all be they timid, towards ending the day to day deaths due to organ shortages. At their July 2002 meeting, the American Medical Association voted agreement to commence trials in which payments will be made to organ donors or their families as a means to encourage cadaveric organ collections. Work Cited David Kaserman and A. H. Barnett, The U.S. Organ Procurement System

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Bullying: Victim and Researchers Essay

I. Introduction Bullying is one of the major problems that our students are facing. In CIC’s Guidance Office and even in the Office of the Student’s Affairs (OSA) many of the students have reported different cases of bullying. Some students do not go in the said offices but instead they would prefer to relay such incidents to their teachers. Some go directly to the Principal’s Office along with their parents or guardians. One good attestation and observation, a high school student who feels superior tends to bully students in the lower years. This student asks some students from lower years to do his assignment. Sometimes he drives the student’s confidence down. The freshmen and some students of different year levels are afraid of this student. In order for this student to succeed in his studies or get high grade he would force others to do his projects. Hence, he looks for weaker student that he may over power in order for him to be famous or be regarded as someone influ ential. The victim loses his focus in school because of the threat brought by this bully. Sometimes he would not attend his classes and increase tendency of failing his academic subjects. Such scenario has been a recurring phenomenon in the school environment. Numerous studies have been made in the past as part of a continuous attempt to understand human behavior in its entirety. At present, however, bullying has been regarded a typical happening in schools and less attention is given to it or none at all. Although bullying may seem a minor concern in the research locale of this study, which is the school, it undermines most students who are simply afraid to speak up about it. According to Encarta Dictionary, bullying is the process of intimidating or mistreating somebody weaker or in a vulnerable situation. Cases of physical, sexual, emotional, even spiritual abuse may be considered as bullying (Ouimet, 2011). Bullying may also be described as Rankism or discriminatory towards others because of their rank in a particular hierarchy. (Fuller, 2003) Bullying is an action which uses negative words against someone which causes distress to the one who is being bullied. Moreover, the victim may lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, hopelessness and worst develop suicidal tendencies (Oliver et al., 2003). Bullying may also cause students’ absenteeism or particularly their less engagement in school. In one scenario, a higher year student has a project in one of his subjects. For this student to accomplish the project, he threatens a lower year student verbally to do it for him and finish it as soon as possible. If the victim would not comply with the oppressor’s demand, the oppressor will beat up the lower year student ruthlessly. However, the victim is also busy with his studies and it’s difficult for the victim to do the oppressor’s demand at the same time. Since, he could not do the oppressor’s demand; the victim will not go to school because he is afraid to be beaten up. These findings have encouraged the researchers to conduct a further study in a specific place where such cases are often occurring, the school. In relation to our study, Ken Seeley, EdD et al. (2009) of the National Center for School Engagement conducted a research on peer victimization or also known as Bullying. Their study tells that bullying is not direct cause of students’ absenteeism or low school achievement. However, Bullying results in the victim becoming less engaged in school and cease attending classes. Seeley et.al focused on the effects and ultimate outcomes of bullying not just whether raw bullying numbers decrease, but whether the ever-present victims of bullying go on to college or to crime. Their research was also designed to assess the role of victimization frequency and intensity in determining how much school a student misses. Additionally, their study reveals a connection between bullying and school engagement. Bullying had a negative impact with school engagement, so the more a student was victimized, the less the student was engaged at school. The authors concluded that bullying greatly influences the student’s engagement in school that the more occurrence of peer victimization the less the student attend his/her class. Statement of the Problem: What does bullying really give? Does it really give happiness to the oppressor? How about the victims? Do they feel the same way too? These are the questions raised by the researchers upon seeing the rampant cases of bullying. In this study, the researchers come up with a major question in their research: * How can we lessen the rampant cases of bullying in CIC High school Department? In addition, the researchers have minor questions in the said topic: * What are the major causes of bullying in CIC High School Department? * In what way can bullying threaten CIC High School Students’ lives? Significance of the Study: The purpose of this paper is to lessen the influence of bullying not only in CIC High School Department but also in other departments and other schools where cases of bullying are rampant. Information regarding bullying will help students to cope up with it accordingly. This paper will help those students who experience bullying to regain their self-esteem and to have a better social life. It will also serve as an eye-opener for students who are unaware of their actions which may be considered as bullying towards their fellow students. This work will give knowledge to the readers about what bullying really is and a clear vision about the effects of bullying in every individual’s life. Subsequently, this study will be beneficial to the oppressors of bullying that they may use the knowledge to avert the intensifying cases of bullying. It will give victims of bullying understanding and awareness on what they need to do if they are facing this problem. Scope and Delimitation: One aspect covered by this research is the social life of the high school students in the school environment in relation to the various effects brought by bullying. This, in particular, includes how victims of bullying as well as the oppressors relate and interact with fellow students, peers and their teachers. In addition, the study focuses on the academic life of the high school students on how they perform in class and in different activities in the school. This refers to the grades of the students who have experienced acts of bullying and also of the oppressors. II. METHOD Method of Research: In this section, the study presents the computations concerning the population of the respondents using the Slovin’s Formula as well as the study’s data and the process of how it was gathered. For the questionnaires used in the survey, the researchers adapt the instrument known as Likert Scale. Moreover, the researchers discuss the statistical treatment on how the students respond in the survey questionnaires. Since Bullying involves human behavior which needs psychological explanation, the researchers employ Descriptive-Status Method in tackling this topic. This method will help the researchers to easily obtain answers and solutions to the problem. Moreover, the method will help the researchers to make a more understandable and manageable approach to the topic as it will provide clearer explanations to the target aspects of the study. This method will aid the readers to easily comprehend the data and information discussed in the study. Samples and Sampling Procedures The researchers employ Purposive Sampling design since it is most suitable with the research. Purposive Sampling design, also known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling technique. Non-probability sampling focuses on sampling techniques where the units that are investigated are based on the judgment of the researcher. Moreover, the researchers used the Slovin’s Formula to get the Number of Respondents allotted in each year level. Table 1: The Total Population of Different levels of the High School Students of the College of the Immaculate Conception and the Number of Respondents computed using Slovin’s Formula. Year Level| Total Population(Number of Students) Data Gathering Procedures: The researchers composed questionnaires whereby the respondents are asked to answer a set of questions by means of rating depending on their level of agreement or disagreement. The questions concern the effects of bullying in every student’s studies. The researchers enquire answers to come up with a conclusion regarding to the study. The questionnaires are distributed to the different year levels of respondents. Description of the Instrument: In this study, the researchers used the questionnaire made of a Likert Scale to gather necessary data and information. The scale is named after its inventor, a psychologist named Rensis Likert. Likert Scale is also known as rating scale that the respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements. Thus, the scale captures the intensity of the student’s feeling for a given item. Construction and Validation of the Instruments: The researchers have undergone brainstorming and revisions in order to have a final survey. The researchers used a survey as the instrument of the study .Suggestions and comments were raised by the English critics and Statistician upon seeing the draft of the survey. However the instrument undergone a lot of revisions and the researchers took the suggestions of the English critics for the researchers to have an official instrument. The instrument was finalized and polished by the researchers thus; the researchers reproduce the instrument and distributed upon the signal of the Research Adviser. Administration of the Instrument After the instrument has been approved by the experts, the researchers went through the reproduction of the questionnaires. Conclusions: In light of the above summary and findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. According to the respondents of this study, most of them are victims of bullying. Almost all of them are suffering from bullying and didn’t have the confidence to face the bullies. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, 69% respondents attest that they sometimes experience bullying in the school. As a result they almost lose all of their confidence in themselves but luckily there was God and their family to support them. 2. It only showed that most of the respondents moved on and the bullying was just a challenge, trial and inspiration to realize something more about life. It gave them a lesson in protecting and maintaining their bravery within themselves because it was a gift from God. And we must be ready at all times for such obstacles in life that might happen in the future. 3. We Filipinos still carry the good attitude of our ancestors which is shown a lot of times throughout our history. So instead of bullying others, how about we use this attitude to be united again not only within our city but also in the whole country. 4. The victims used a lot of strength to move on from the challenging event happened in their lives. For them, it was very hard to move on and to forget the tragedy they experienced because it almost destroyed their future but with the help of God, most of the victims realized that they still need to move on and face the reality to continue their lives and be thankful for surviving such event and their faith in God was strongly developed. 5. The lessons given by this research was to open the eyes of the victims who are suffering from this and to learn the different things to do to protect themselves. We must be prepared and be aware enough to such things as bullying. Some victims said that they realized the importance of not only themselves but also their family because they are the only ones left and served as inspiration to move on from the trials in life. 6. The victims have learned a lot and they have some suggestions to the school, to the community and to others. To the school, they should voice out the needs of the victims of the bullying. For the community and to others, they wanted to emphasize the importance of the family, to be strong, and faced the trials in life and do not give up. The victims did not lose hope to survive the battle because they believe in God and they pray to God. We must never forget God and ask for His goodness to guide and gives us strength in the trails we are facing. 7. No matter what end of the bullying we are on, we need to make sure that we are doing our part to prevent and stop this. Bullying is a serious matter, whether we like it or not. If we do not think that we can handle the situation on our own, there is no harm in asking for help. We can find help in a variety of places, even within our own family. Recommendations: These are some of the researchers’ recommendations after the findings and conclusions were made: 1. Bullying is a serious problem that can dramatically affect the ability of students to progress academically and socially. A comprehensive intervention plan that involves all students, parents, and school staff is required to ensure that all students can learn in a safe and fear-free environment. 2. Do not be a coward and try to face the challenges in our life. 3. Love ourselves and show the bullies that we have the strength to face them before it’s too late. 4. Instead of getting a revenge on the bully, try to show them that you’re not affected by this because the real weaklings here are the bullies. 5. Always be prepared through learning the different things to do when such difficulties happen in the future. 6. The guidance counselor and the Office of the Student Affairs must take action immediately when such event happens. 7. Through trials we face in life, do not forget to have faith in God and ask for His guidance, for our family to be always safe and secure. Lastly, be thankful for the life that He gave us. 8. The Government should take action to this problem by promoting an anti-bullying program not only to schools but also to our fellow countrymen.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Humanity Definition Essay

Many have debates on whether humans are naturally humane or if they become more or less because of their society and vice versa. In other words, people are a function of their society. Human beings tend to group themselves in to multiple groups with various likes and differences. These groups can affect society and society can have an impact on these groups. Therefore, society can affect certain groups over time. As societies evolve, they are subjected to social changes which include factors that may or may not affect the species. For example, the external factors of society (including war, immigration, natural disasters and technology), seize of human population, and governments are key elements that cause social changes that are relevant to cause changes in humanity over time. Science for All American Online states that, â€Å"The condition of one generation limit and shape the range of possibilities open to the next. On the one hand, each new generation learns the society’ cultural forms and thus does not have to reinvent strategies for producing food, handling conflict, educating people, governing, and so forth. It also learns aspirations for how society can be maintained and improved. On the other hand tensions way lead to war, wide-scale drug abuse, poverty and deprivation, racism. And a multitude of private group advances† (â€Å"Chapter†). In this quote, it describes how certain social changes change society and the groups that form society. Therefore, people are more or less because of society and there is no such this as human nature. Many socialists suggest, â€Å"Human beings are so great that there is no such thing as human nature – that we are simply a reflection of social surroundings with no inherit behavior, no core or ‘essence’ or special qualities that makes us human†¦if we can somehow perfect our social surroundings, we can perfect the human beings† (Le Blanc). In this quotation, it explains how some believe there is not human nature and that people are products of their social surroundings. Societies afflict social changes which may or may not affect the species of human beings. Social changes can afflict, any social conflicts which demands society to regulate the conflict in order to avoid competition between groups. When society undergoes changes for the good or bad, conflict can evolve. This may cause groups in society or fight, argue and get in disputes. The people can face internal conflict or external conflict in their groups of interest. Science for All Americans Online describes, â€Å"There is social conflict between all human societies†¦Conflict between people or groups often arise from competition for resources power, and status. Family members fight for attention. Individuals fight to compete for jobs and wealth. Nations compete for territory and prestige. Different interest groups compete for influence and the power to make rules. Often the competition is not for resources but for ideas – one person or group wants to have ideas or behavior of another group suppressed, punished, or declared illegal† (â€Å"Chapter†). The source that provided this quote describes house the conflict in society arises from the demand for ideas; not from resources. The groups that argue and cause disputes change society and change themselves out of these disputes. The ideas that come out of these arguments may cause change in many things. Paul Le Blanc explains â€Å"There would be opportunity for a much higher level of individual satisfaction with life; conflict and violence would be reduced is alternative social moans would negate the currently felt need for self-help would readily be accessible; and in any case there would be a greater degree of equality and a greater sense of security in the social system† (Le Blanc). To achieve what the quote explains, society would have to change. Therefore the people in society that have been affected would also change. The selflessness, struggle, and abuse would all change. All of the bitter dynamics of social struggle that demonstrate our nature would seek change. The social conflict that evolves in society demands that people fix the conflict, in order to avoid the competition of the social gro ups with similar interests. Throughout human beings’ life society impacts your life in many ways. People are a product of society and social groups that evolve overtime and there is no such this as human nature. Social changes can afflict conflict which demands competition and change in society and as society’s progress, they face social changes. Society changes social groups over time. Works Cited â€Å"Chapter 7: Human Society.† Science For All Americans Online. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1990. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. http://www.project2061,org/publications/sfaa/online/chap7.htm. Le Blanc, Paul. â€Å"Human Nature.† Human Nature and How it Changes. Vol.i, No.2.Web. 21Oct. 2012. http://www.laborstandard.org/Vol1No2/Human_Nature.htm.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Canadian Based Education

Canadian Based Education The education system in Canada during the 19th century was marked by the establishment of school systems that incorporated social, cultural and political aspects.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Canadian Based Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Children from different social and cultural backgrounds were allowed to attend schools in large numbers which gave way to mass schooling or standardized education as an effective instrument in teaching. The school systems during the 19th century were designed to solve a myriad of problems that existed within the Canadian society such as poverty, crime, teen idleness and poor knowledge levels among the youth during that time. The reasons that underlined the development of school systems in the 19th century was the impact of constant immigration by Canadians as well as foreigners in the country, the change from agriculture to industrialization and the process of state formation which allowed Canadians the authority to exercise power (Gaffield, 2011). During the later stages of the 19th century, state formation, industrialization and immigration played an important role in the development of the school system in Canada where educators established schools that would reflect the cultural, religious and ethnic variations in the Canadian society. For example, in the western coast of Canada, immigration played an important part in developing the mass schooling system that was in existence. Other provinces in Canada that were affected by immigration included Winnipeg, Manitoba and British Columbia where the arrival of large numbers of Asians played an important role in developing the Canadian schooling system. The impact of immigration had become a major factor in the 19th century where anglo conformity became an important aspect in ensuring national cohesion and unity in the country (Mochoruk, 2004). The schooling system in Canada during the 19t h century was mostly marked by the use of textbooks, classrooms, teachers and curriculum based education which were used to train school going children on how they could be contributing members to the Canadian society. These teaching modes however underwent some changes to ensure that they reflected the changing needs of the society which required that children with different educational abilities and knowledge be catered for. This saw the introduction of technical and vocational courses that were meant to meet the needs of children who were not found suitable for academic training.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The criterion that was used in selecting children for educational courses was however based on social and cultural prejudices where children from white backgrounds had the first priority over children from other ethnic backgrounds. However, in the 1920s, s chools began using IQ tests to measure the knowledge levels of children to ensure that there was equitable selection of children during the selection process (Gaffield, 2011). The education system in the 19th century was characterized by the distinctions that existed between male and female children in public schools. For example girls used a separate entrance from the boys and they also had separate classrooms where girls were taught alone and boys were taught alone. The recess areas were also separate for both the girls and the boys with the dining halls incorporating some distinction where the girls ate separately from the boys. The redefinition of a family unit as an association of emotional attachment during the 19th century saw the generalized idea that girls were meant to be taught on household duties and responsibilities while boys were meant to be taught on manual and technical skills that would train them to be the breadwinners of their families (Gaffield, 2011). The disti nction that existed within the educational programs during the 19th century saw girls being taught more on home economics and cooking rather than on technical or manual skills which was the preserve of male students. The separatist and distinctive teaching patterns were meant to reflect the ideal situation in the 19th century society where women were meant to be the caretakers of the home while men were meant to the breadwinners. The 19th century also saw the establishment of separate schools for children from different religious and cultural backgrounds to deal with the educational conflict that arose during that time (Usa, 2009). Immigrants and foreigners during that time had to conform to the existing standards and guidelines in Canadians schools and society which did not reflect their diversity and culture. Religious communities for example did not agree with some of the non-denominational Christian curriculum that was being used in most of the Canadian schools which saw the for mation of Catholic and Protestant school systems in some areas of Canada such as Quebec and Ontario. The region of Newfoundland was the first to incorporate a complete denominationally based school system in the whole of Canada which was possible as a result of the Constitution Act of 1867 (Gaffield, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Canadian Based Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religious studies in these schools therefore became a central part in the school curriculum which saw the growth of Catholicism and Christianity in many of the Canadian provinces. Despite some resistance, the establishment of the L’Action Catholic School in Manitoba in 1934 saw a growth of Catholicism in the province as well as the incorporation of Catholic communities in the education system. The province also offered a secular education system that incorporated religious, cultural as well as non-denominatio nal curriculum. Private and independent schooling was introduced in Manitoba in 1977 to reflecting the changing schooling system around the country. The changing patterns of immigration also had an effect on the structure and organization of school systems where various Canadian provinces placed emphasis on meeting the needs of the general society rather than meeting the needs of Religious groups such as the Catholics and the Anglicans (Mochoruk, 2004). Public schooling in Canada in the 19th century was therefore created as a framework that would develop the society by shaping children to be moral citizens of their community. Public schools were created to generate unity of thought as well as to teach children about the idealized Canadian society. Schools focused on teaching children from foreign countries the English language as well as the Canadian culture which would play an important part in their adaptation to the country’s laws and cultural practices. Social integration and cohesion were therefore important aspects in the establishment of various schooling systems in Canadian provinces during the 19th century (Axelrod, 2003). In summary, the history of Canada’s education system saw a growth in the formal instruction of children where the educational curriculum incorporated the various cultural, moral and social differences that existed within the Canadian society during the 19th century. While there was a general focus on providing equal access to schooling for all, different cultural, social and religious values made it difficult for children to be incorporated into Canadian education systems that were mostly driven by Canadian social values. The schooling system established in the 19th century gave way to an institutional framework that would be used in the 20th century to govern the operations of the government, prisons and hospitals in the country (Axelrod, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Axelrod, P. (2003). The promise of schooling; education in Canada, 1800-1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Gaffield, C., (2011). Education, history of education in Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en Mochoruk, J., (2004). Formidable heritage: Manitoba’s north and the cost of  development, 1870 to 1930. Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press. Usa, I.U., (2009). Canada education system and policy handbook. New York: International Business Publications.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Hypoxia and Altitude on Performance and the Imaging of Hypoxia From October 21-23rd 2009 the US Olympic Committee hosted the International Altitude Training Symposium which focussed on the practical application of height and hypoxic preparation for the sweetening of elect athletic public presentation [ 1 ] . This is in front of readyings for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, peculiarly for the swimmers. American jocks are non the lone 1s to utilize altitude preparation to fix for competitions. Every twelvemonth many sportswomans spend several hebdomads before their events developing at high heights, using the effects of hypoxia, in order to give themselves the best possible advantage. Exposure to hypoxia leads to effects on several systems of the organic structure, runing from cardiac to respiratory. There have been many surveies conducted demoing that people who train at high height for at least three hebdomads develop good alterations in comparing to people who train at sea degree. These will be discussed in item. Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency of O2 and hence a low pO2.This lessening leads to an addition in Hypoxia Inducible Factors which drive the alterations in the organic structure. It is these alterations that can be exploited by jocks to bring forth a victorious public presentation. Hypoxia occurs when the organic structure has deficient O supply to tissues. There are two types depending on what is affected- generalized hypoxia occurs when the organic structure as a whole is affected and tissue hypoxia is when merely an country of the organic structure is involved. It must be noted that hypoxia differs from hypoxemia- whereas hypoxia is low O handiness to tisssues, hypoxemia is a reduced partial force per unit area of O ( pO2 ) in the blood. Hypoxemia can do hypoxia but it is possible to be hypoxic and non hypoxemic. There are several subtypes of hypoxia. The first is hypoxic hypoxia. This is a generalized hypoxia and occurs when there is unequal O in the blood. This can be pathological for illustration in patients with COPD or a right-left shunt in the bosom. It is the type of hypoxia seen when people go to high heights, excessively, due to the low partial force per unit area of O in the air and so this is the hypoxia stimulated in hypoxic collapsible shelters and other altitude-simulating Chamberss. The 2nd subtype of hypoxia is hypemic hypoxia. This occurs when there is a job with the blood and O conveyance instead than a deficiency of O. For illustration, people with anemia are able to transport far less oxygen around the organic structure than people with the normal sum of ruddy blood cells. Peoples with Methaemoglobinaemia besides suffer from hypemic hypoxia as their hemoglobin is transformed into methemoglobin which can non transport O. Hypemic hypoxia besides occurs in C monoxide toxic co ndition ( as the O is displaced from the red blood cells ) and can originate during blood contributions due to the sum of blood lost by the individual. Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when cells are unable to use O due to faulty enzyme reactions- this is normally brought about by inordinate intoxicant ingestion. Finally, there is ischemic hypoxia which arises when blood flow to tissues is restricted ( although the blood itself has normal O concentrations ) . The limitation consequences in the tissues non acquiring every bit much O as they need. Ischaemic hypoxia is involved in ischemic bosom disease and intellectual ischemia. Hypoxia causes the organic structure to undergo many alterations that are to a great extent disputed. It is known, nevertheless, that alterations are regulated through Hypoxia Inducible Factors, peculiarly HIF-1a.Under normal degrees of O ( normoxic conditions ) , HIF-1 is rapidly broken down by the proteasome but when conditions become hypoxic, HIF-1 is stabilized and permits the activation of cistrons indispensable to cellular version to low O conditions [ 2 ] . The cistrons activated include erythropoietin, GLUT- 1 and VEGF ( Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor ) [ 3 ] . The HIF tract is activated in hypoxic conditions by the suppression of the HIF hydroxylase enzymes ( Fe2+- and O2-dependent ) . The normal activity of these enzymes is to demobilize the HIF fractional monetary units forestalling the HIF tract from happening during normoxic conditions. However, the tract can be induced in normoxic conditions. Both MA Dery et Al and HJ Knowles et al agree that there is grounds that shows this. Dery et al studied how normoxic conditions can take to the activation of vascular and growing factors [ 4 ] whereas Knowles et al examined how normoxic look of HIF-1 is indispensable for macrophage map [ 5 ] in human malignant neoplastic diseases. Both agree though that the mechanisms involved in the tract activation in normoxic conditions are ill-defined. There are several different types of HIF. HIF-1 consists of two fractional monetary units ( it is a heterodimer ) an alpha ( which is oxygen dependant ) and a beta [ 6 ] . HIF-1a is encoded by the HIF1A cistron and is involved with the inflammatory response and with angiogenesis [ 7 ] and in a survey by Brouwer et Al, is said to be strongly expressed in people with Rheumatoid Arthritis ( therefore is a mark for future drug interventions in RA ) [ 8 ] . However, in a survey conducted by Szekanecz et Al, it is claimed that HIF-1a Acts of the Apostless aboard other go-betweens including VEGF in RA- HIF-1a is non entirely responsible [ 9 ] . I think this is far more likely than it being merely to make with HIF-1a. HIF-1? is encoded by the ARNT cistron ( aryl hydrocarbon receptor atomic translocator ) . Together HIF-1a and ? are HIF-1 and hence this is involved in vascularization in countries of hypoxia and is indispensable for immunological responses and is a important physiological regulator of homeostasis, vascularisation, and anaerobiotic metamorphosis [ 10 ] . However, due to these belongingss, HIF-1 allows malignant neoplastic disease cells to reproduce and go around the organic structure, which is what Knowles et Als were demoing in their survey. HIF-2 is besides a split into an a unit ( EPAS1 ) and a ? unit ( ARNT2 ) . Both of these bind to Hypoxia- Response Elements in many cistrons. In peculiar, HIF-2 is associated with Erythropoietin which leads to an addition in erythrocyte production. HIF-3 is disconnected, excessively. HIF-3a is encoded by HIF3A and is structurally similar to the other alpha subtypes ; HIF-3? is encoded by ARNT3. HIF-3 is regulated in a different manner to HIF-1 and 2, nevertheless the exact mechanisms, although explored in many surveies, are said to be unknown. Qi Fang Li et Al and M Heidbreder et Als are among many groups who have stated this. The results of HIF-3 activation are somewhat dissimilar to the other HIF groups. Heidbreder et Al concluded in their survey that HIF-3 might be involved in protection during early intervals of hypoxia and/or moderate hypoxia [ 11 ] . They concluded that it is possible that HIF-3 comprises a constituent that reacts more rapidly in response to hypoxic tissues [ 12 ] and that HIF-3a may, in the early phases of tissue version to hypoxia, bring on cistrons including GLUT-1 and EPO [ 13 ] . There have been surveies, nevertheless, beliing each other with respects to the actions of HIF-3. Qi Fang Li et Al concluded that HIF-3a is complementary instead than redundant to HIF-1a initiation in protection against hypoxic harm [ 14 ] whereas MA Maynard et Al stated that human HIF-3a4 is a dominant-negative regulator of HIF-1 [ 15 ] . Personally, I think that yes HIF-3 Acts of the Apostless in a different manner to both HIF-1 and 2 but I do non believe that it acts as a straight negative regulator to them. It brings about contrasting alterations ( as seen in Fig. 1 ) but all act to trip cistrons for protection against hypoxia ; HIF-3 seems to be involved at an earlier phase to HIF-1 and 2. Besides, in Maynard et Al s survey , they used a splicing discrepancy, HIF-3a4 which may non correctly show HIF-3 s actions. The existent overall effects are disputed and scope from one survey stating that they found that with respects to parametric quantities such as BP, HR, SV and TPR there were no notable alterations [ 16 ] to surveies where they have found advantageous alterations both neuromuscular and metabolic [ 17 ] that have been induced. However, it depends on the manners of training- length etcetera as discussed previously- undergone as to the benefits obtained. It is by and large agreed though that hypoxic hypoxia leads to improved O transporting capacity every bit good as mass of hemoglobin. Numerous surveies indicate that positive hematologic alterations occur- FA Basset et Al concluded that rises in the concentration of EPO and Hb, red blood cell and thrombocyte Numberss, and hematocrit [ 18 ] could be seen ; DL Bonetti et Al found in their survey that the concentration of Hb increased by 3.6 % [ 19 ] over three hebdomads of preparation. I do non hold with the findings of K Katayama et Al wh o stated that they found that resting hematologic parametric quantities remained unchanged [ 20 ] because I think that there is plentifulness of grounds to propose that they should. If HIFs cause erythropoietin degrees to increase and angiogenesis to happen so it makes sense that, if nil else, haemoglobin concentrations should increase. With respects to the cardiorespiratory effects, it is much less clear as to what occurs. It has been established that VO2 soap decreases with exposure to hypoxic conditions, even though the entire carrying capacity of O was enhanced [ 21 ] , but the mechanisms behind it are unsure. Hypoxia at high height does nevertheless do a individual to take a breath profoundly due to the deficit of O in the air, which in bend causes an addition in tidal volume. Nevertheless, take a breathing rate is said to non increase until the individual has gone above highs of 6000m [ 22 ] . If it does, this could propose the early oncoming of AMS. Uniting the cardiorespiratory and hematologic mechanisms and responses, the followers should be seen: blood force per unit area and hence cardiac end product should increase. This triggers stroke volume to diminish in order to brace CO. This means that the O demands of the organic structure are met non by greater blood flow but instead by greater O extraction [ 23 ] . The neuromuscular effects are rather controversial, excessively. Basset et Al concluded that apart from a little diminution in the activity of phosphofructokinase [ 24 ] no other alterations were observed in musculus enzyme activities, buffer capacity, capillary denseness or morphology [ 25 ] . RL Wilber et Al would differ with this as their survey showed that there were some positive neuromuscular versions [ 26 ] that occurred. I think that Basset et Al are likely more right because I think that in order to see alterations in the muscular structure one would hold to develop for more than a twosome of hebdomads. There are many other effects that are controversial and are said to originate from sustained exposure of hypoxia on the organic structure. These include the theory that the carotid organic structures enlarge and undergo histological versions. I think that this is likely rather a likely happening as these chemoreceptors detect pO2 and so alterations in this will take to the receptors holding to accommodate. Peoples who live at height for old ages or who have lived there for coevalss display other alterations, excessively. Systemic blood force per unit area beads due to vasodilation- people who have high blood force per unit area are frequently told to pass some clip at height to harvest this benefit. However, chronic hypoxia besides consequences in pneumonic high blood pressure because pneumonic vass constrict and go rather muscular. Heath and Williams suggest that the ground behind this is likely due to hypoxia moving straight on the smooth musculus [ 27 ] although it is non a defini te theory. Athletes do non merely utilize height and hypoxia for preparation ; they use it for rushing up recovery clip, excessively. When jocks get injured, many turn to hypoxic collapsible shelters to diminish the sum of clip they are injured for ; illustrations would be Lance Armstrong and Jermain Defoe. Defoe has bought a collapsible shelter to kip in to heighten recovery from his hamstring injury- he is utilizing the hypoxia to acquire back to his original fittingness. Athletes use developing programmes at height in order to outdo prepare for events and competitions. There are several different ways of integrating height and hypoxia in developing programmes. The most normally used is the live high-train high ( LHTH ) method where jocks live and train at height. Another is the live high-train low ( LHTL ) method which was developed due to the possible restrictions that the LHTL method put on endurance jocks [ 28 ] . This method is widely used and has jocks populating at height and preparation at sea-level. There are besides programmes where jocks have intermittent hypoxic exposure during remainder ( IHE ) and where they have intermittent hypoxic exposure during uninterrupted session ( IHT ) . Out of all of these the LHTL method is the 1 most normally implemented in preparation as it has been shown in several surveies to be the most good. For illustration, RL Wilber et Al showed in their survey that the LHTL method combines the effects of life at height, viz. an addition in endogenous erythropoietin [ 29 ] , with effects obtained at sea-level, said to be good metabolic and neuromuscular versions [ 30 ] . In fact, GP Millet et Al defined the optimal height for an erythropoietin addition as being between 2200-2500 m [ 31 ] and for non-haematological factors ( i.e. metabolic, neuromuscular ) as up to 3100 m [ 32 ] . They besides decided that the length of clip required to be at height to bring on accelerated erythropoiesis appears to be 4 hebdomads [ 33 ] ; for advantageous alterations in economic system, musculus buffering capacity, the hypoxic ventilatory response or Na ( + ) /K ( + ) -ATPase activity [ 34 ] they recommended less than three hebdomads. The sum of clip spent at high height is deemed critical in order to see full hypoxic benefits. Millet and his squad suggest that in order to excite erythropoiesis a individual should hold at least 12 hours per twenty-four hours exposure [ 35 ] . However, it seems that a reduced exposure clip is required for other alterations unrelated to haematology [ 36 ] . Many surveies have findings that disagree with this, though. One survey concluded that to deduce the physiological benefits of LH+TL, they need to populate at a natural lift of 2000-2500 m for gt ; or=4 wk for gt ; or=22 h.d ( -1 ) [ 37 ] . From reading extended articles based at different highs and times, it seems to me that developing at an height of about 2250m induces many of the good effects of hypoxia. Athletes should be populating at this height for most of the day- merely falling to take down heights for their preparation. There have been many surveies conducted to see the effects of IHT and IHE. Millet found that IHT appears to be more advantageous in bettering public presentation than IHE [ 38 ] . Several surveies support this by demoing how IHE does small for public presentation enhancing. One in peculiar concluded that their survey ( which involved rugger participants undergoing 9-13 Sessionss of IHE over 15 yearss and so reiterating public presentation trials within 12 hours of geting at 1550m [ 39 ] ) showed that IHE made some public presentation steps significantly worse [ 40 ] . Another survey found no important differences in HR, BP, Q ( degree Celsius ) , SV, TPR, cardiovascular variableness, or cardiac-vagal baroreflex map [ 41 ] between their control and intercession groups at any clip. It was hence determined that IHE for four hebdomads to immature jocks did non take to any sustained alterations in their autonomic control of blood force per unit area [ 42 ] . This is non to state, nevert heless, that hypoxia does non ensue in any alterations in blood force per unit area control. In fact, I believe that exposure ( that is non intermittent ) to hypoxia does so hold an impact because if BP is measured before people go to high height and when they return to see degree, there is a definite difference between the figures. Chronic exposure to hypoxia consequences in the smooth musculus of pneumonic vass compressing every bit good as in relaxation of arterias in the systemic system [ 43 ] . The result of this is that a individual can develop pneumonic high blood pressure but has less hazard of developing systemic high blood pressure ( it must be noted, nevertheless, that a individual must see drawn-out hypoxic exposure-many years- to see these effects and that the huge bulk of surveies that have found these alterations have been on people who have lived at high height for many coevalss. Therefore there may be a familial constituent to these alterations in blood force per un it area ) . From their research, Millet et Als have proposed a new preparation programme called Populating High-Training Low and High, interspersed [ 44 ] besides referred to as LHTLHi . This combines the LHTL preparation with 2-3 IHT Sessionss of supra-threshold preparation [ 45 ] per hebdomad. This seems a logical measure frontward as it combines the benefits of both methods and should hence take to jocks sing the full scope of hypoxic alterations. For many jocks it can be rather hard to hold entree to high height, and can hence be said to be at a disadvantage to others. For illustration, the manager for the Italian Football squad has been quoted as stating that his squad had non adequately prepared ( acclimatised ) for the games that were at high height [ 46 ] blaming this for his squad s failure to do it out of the group phases of the Confederations Cup. However, he says he has rectified the state of affairs for the World Cup ( to be held in South Africa ) by being more prepared. It has been said that many of the managers are traveling to do their squads train and play pattern lucifers at altitude in front of the tourney so as to be more appropriately prepared to play squads such as Brazil who train at height usually. England is one of many squads to hold a preparation cantonment at height to fix for the World Cup- they will be remaining at Rustenburg which is by the Magaliesberg mountain scope. Technology has advanced to let jocks to hold simulated altitude preparation, which allows them to be at sea degree but still see hypoxia. These devices include hypoxicator devices ( where a individual breathes in hypoxic air ) hypoxic ( height ) collapsible shelters and N flats ( which provides normobaric hypoxia ) . These machines are used to see how people respond to high height whilst in a safe environment. They are often used by people developing for expeditions to topographic points such as the South Pole and Everest so that they can orient their preparation and happen out if they are susceptible to any jobs at high height. Analysis in a normobaric hypoxic collapsible shelter at a fake height of 2500m may be utile in the early designation of ailing reacting persons to fake height environments [ 47 ] . If an person has hapless sleep quality that does non decide ( acclimatise ) over several yearss, it may be an indicant of mountain illness. However, it can be argued that AMS can be induced by replicated height and as such can non give a dependable indicant as to whether a individual is more likely to see Acute Mountain Sickness. Personally I think that it can be a reliable index of a individual s susceptibleness to AMS because although the collapsible shelter may bring on it, it is possible that it is merely rushing up the procedure. It is besides possible to safely see how an athlete adapts to an ague turn of hypoxia. C Guger et al conducted a survey to see how topics adapted to mounting to an height of 4000m within 12 hours whilst in a hypobaric chamber [ 48 ] and compared it to a old survey done on Mount Dachstein. They measured EEG, ECG, blood O2 impregnation and the topics had to make full in a Lake Louise questionnaire ( which measures the grade of AMS ) . The consequences of this survey suggested that the participants were incapable of accommodating [ 49 ] . They besides found that all the parametric quantities tested were still affected from the high height even one hr after the participants returned to 134m [ 50 ] . These consequences were similar to those obtained from the mountain and so back up my theory that the fake height machines are dependable ways of foretelling what happens at existent height and can observe AMS. While life at high height, athletes must take attention to avoid cold hurts and the negative effects of hypoxia. The sum of blood traveling to the appendages decreases at height compared to sea degree due to the redistribution of blood to critical variety meats such as the bosom and brain- O extraction rate is high here and a big sum of O is required for map [ 51 ] . The consequence of this is that fingers, toes and the face become susceptible to the cold and cryopathy can develop. Due to the shallow nature of frostnip it recovers reasonably rapidly ; interventions for this should be dry dressings and sterile safeguards [ 53 ] . Deep cryopathy is much more terrible and so anyone who develops this should be seen in infirmary and should ideally hold a Doppler scan followed by endovenous injections of vasodilative and warming up. Before anyone goes to altitude, they should undergo acclimatization for several hebdomads before ( utilizing climatic Chamberss ) so as to fix their organic structures for the utmost conditions. A cold adapted individual is said to continue heat and map more expeditiously in cold conditions and they besides tend to shudder less than a non-cold altered individual [ 54 ] as the low temperatures do non come as such a daze to their organic structure. Hypothermia is another hazard associated with high height and it can ensue in cardiac, intellectual and musculoskeletal maps increasingly deteriorating. Anyone with hypothermia should be reheated rapidly and have their heat loss reduced. AMS is peculiarly unsafe and if anyone starts to expose symptoms they should be treated and monitored as it can come on to high height intellectual hydrops ( HACO ) or high height pneumonic hydrops ( HAPO ) . The World Health Organisation defines AMS as happening when hypoxic emphasis outstrips acclimatisation [ 55 ] . WHO besides states that susceptibleness is chiefly familial, but fast rates of acclivity and higher sleeping heights are of import precipitating factors [ 56 ] whereas a individual s physical fittingness, sex and age bare small consequence on it [ 57 ] . The consequence of this is that even seasoned climbers and jocks can fall ailment. The causes of AMS are non wholly known but it is suspected by Heath and Williams to be due to H2O in the organic structure being redistributed [ 58 ] ; this occurs in response to hypoxic conditions. This redistribution is combined with that of blood off from appendages to the bosom, lungs and encephalon. The blood is hence said to pool taking to oedema which consequences in the symptoms associated with AMS ( purging, concern, weariness ) . Peoples normally get AMS if they ascend to altitude excessively rapidly, hence attention should be taken to travel to altitude easy, to cut down the hazard of falling ailment. It appears to be agreed that giving the drug acetazolamide can be used to cut down the hazard of AMS by assisting to forestall some of the H2O keeping in the organic structure by increasing urine end product. AJ Davies et Al s survey concluded that it does supply some protection against AMS [ but ] ideally trekkers need a more gradual path profile for mounting [ 59 ] ; the drug helps but is non every bit good as mounting to altitude easy [ 60 ] . Harmonizing to WHO, the symptoms of AMS are ameliorated by O or analgetic and antiemetics [ 61 ] . HAPO and HACO are potentially life threatening and develop from AMS. HAPO involves hydropss in the lungs- they become filled with the H2O that was redistributed from other parts of the organic structure [ 62 ] . It largely occurs merely at heights of 3000m and above [ 63 ] although there have been instances reported at lower highs. The people most at hazard are those who are exposing themselves to high heights and hypoxic conditions for the first clip and those who were antecedently used to the conditions but have spent clip off from them and are returning. Peoples who have had an episode of HAPO before are besides at an increased hazard of holding another. HAPO is more likely to happen when people ascend to altitude excessively rapidly or when they do excessively much physical activity when they have merely merely got to altitude, hence physical action and hypoxia [ 64 ] are the two chief factors. Consequently, if jocks are traveling to develop at height they should wait a few yearss before get downing any activity. The first symptoms of HAPO are said to happen six to ninety six hours after traveling to a high height [ 65 ] but after the forth twenty-four hours the hazard of developing HAPO falls markedly so that by the 10th twenty-four hours the hazard is merely little. The marks of HAPO involve declining respiratory jobs including coughing and terrible dyspnea [ 66 ] but tachycardia is besides present. Depending on the badness of the instance, thoracic skiagraphy shows opacities with patchy distribution [ 67 ] ( early phases ) or lungs covered in opacities which may be accompanied by uni- or bilateral pleural gush [ 68 ] ( advanc ed instances ) . HAPO has two chief mechanisms behind it. The first is Pneumonic Arterial Hypertension- PAH- which develops before the hydrops. PAH occurs due to several grounds: an addition in blood volume ( due to an addition in the figure of red blood cells and the sum of H2O ) and pneumonic vasoconstriction are the chief 1s ( these are stimulated by HIF and will be discussed subsequently ) . The 2nd mechanism is an addition in the permeableness of the endothelium which leads to the transmittal of the PAH and overperfusion of the pneumonic bed. Several drugs have been found to forestall and handle HAPO. One survey by O. Dunin- Bell and S. Boyle examines the instance of a climber who got HAPO and treated it himself with a choice of drugs- acetazolamide, Viagra and salmeterol [ 69 ] ; the climber was able to successfully finish his ascent. The grounds for these drugs is reasonably controversial. Acetazolamide has merely had one homo survey conducted [ 70 ] and because of this, it is unable to be recommended at the minute [ 71 ] . Besides, people with liver disease should non take it. Sildenafil has been shown to be good in one survey it enhanced gas exchange but besides protected against any pneumonic high blood pressure stimulated by the high height [ 72 ] taking to the sweetening of pneumonic circulation, but at that place have non been any systematic surveies to analyze its effectivity in HAPO ; this is the same for Salmeterol. However, there are other drugs that are used in HAPO. Nifedipine is a cardinal drug sing HAPO i ntervention and bar as it inhibits vasoconstriction. Besides, the inspiration of Nitrous Oxide has been used to handle people with HAPO- Kolluru et Al hypothesise that it intervenes in the permeableness of the pneumonic macrovascular endothelial bed to rectify the leaky bed under hypoxia [ 73 ] . Whatever the drug administered, anyone with HAPE should chiefly have O and remainder, sooner at a lower height. HACO is the intellectual version of HAPO and it may happen alongside it or on its ain. The symptoms of this include a terrible concern, weariness, ataxy but a individual enduring from it can besides show with behavioral alterations changing from crabbed and unlogical behavior to confusion, psychotic beliefs and hallucinations [ 74 ] . There are two types of HACO- the first is known as Cerebral Oedema of Acclimatisation. This occurs during acclivity to altitude but is instead rare as normally it is merely AMS that is suffered. The 2nd type is Cerebral Oedema of Extreme Altitude which occurs at really utmost highs in good acclimatised, athletic climbers [ 75 ] . Post mortems of people who have had HACO show terrible generalised extracellular encephalon hydrops with hemorrhagic micro-infarction [ 76 ] and there is much research sing the impact of HACO on the blood encephalon barrier ( BBB ) . It appears to be that acute hypoxia may ensue in the permeableness of the BBB increasing [ 77 ] ; SS Natah et Al s survey on rats showed look of endothelial barrier antigen ( EBA ) was reduced to 50 % between 24 and 48 H after exposure to hypoxia The values about returned to control degrees by 7 yearss, demoing version to hypoxia [ 78 ] . The reduced degrees of EBA would be adequate to change the BBB so that escape occurs. This escape would worsen the fluid keeping ensuing in big sums in the encephalon. In fact, on exposure to high altitude the sum of blood traveling to the encephalon can increase by every bit much as 40 % [ 79 ] so this combined with a faulty BBB would take to terrible jobs. However, DM Bailey et Al found in their surveies utilizin g diffusion- leaden magnetic resonance imagination that there is some mild astrocytic puffiness [ 80 ] ensuing from unstable redistribution from the extracellular ( hypoxia- affected ) infinite to the intracellular infinite [ 81 ] . I think that in order for HACO to develop, though, that there must be some harm to the BBB so that fluid goes deep into the encephalon resulting in the symptoms experienced. This is corroborated by K Hicks et Al s survey which concluded that hypoxic emphasis can take to accommodations in the cytoskeletal construction of the BBB adding to its perturbation [ 82 ] . They besides found that Ca inflow through Transient Receptor Potential Channels ( TRPC ) contributes to this. HACO can be treated with similar drugs to HAPO. However the primary drug used is big endovenous doses of Decadron. Hypoxia is by and large measured and imaged with respects to tumours to seek and work out the nature and size of any present. Therefore many of the surveies around present their findings on imaging hypoxia in a tumour- oriented mode. However, it is possible to image hypoxic effects to derive insight as to how hypoxic a individual is. These will be discussed subsequently. It is by and large acknowledged that the best manner of mensurating hypoxia is by utilizing a chemical called EF5 [ 2- ( 2-nitro-1 [ H ] -imidazol-1-yl ) N- ( 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ) -acetamide ] . This is a peculiarly utile chemical as it can be implemented with both invasive ( biopsy based ) and non-invasive ( PET- based ) methods. EF5 is used in concurrence with a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody ( frequently ELK3-51 or 18F ) which allows immunohistochemical sensing of the EF5. ELK3-51 was specifically designed to observe the adducts of EF5- which are detected by direct immunofluorescence. EF5 is lipotropic and is taken up by metabolically active cells and binds covalently and selectively ( under hypoxic conditions- binding is maximum when conditions are badly hypoxic ) to cellular supermolecules. This occurs as a consequence of hypoxia-dependent bioreduction by cellular nitroreductases [ 83 ] . This therefore allows the measuring of the pO2 of cells and tissues ; O2 ingestion rates can be calculated. CJ Koch et Al found that EF5 is a stable molecule and its pharmacokinetics can be estimated [ 84 ] . It besides has a changeless half life, therefore it is a comparatively easy molecule to track and the consequences of EF5 adhering related to the O degrees of tissues can be analysed with easiness [ 85 ] . Meanwhile WT Jenkins et Al stated that EF5 adhering provides elaborate spacial information on the distribution of hypoxia in feasible tumour tissue [ 86 ] . It must be noted nevertheless that necrotic tumors tissue does non take up EF5 because cells here can non meta bolize it, hence these cells

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Practice Telephone English Using Role Plays for ESL

Practice Telephone English Using Role Plays for ESL Role-playing refers to taking parts in a pretend situation to focus on specific English skills. When we telephone others, especially when we telephone business or other professionals for appointments, there is a purpose to our conversation. Using these role plays will help you or your class develop telephone language skills while practicing situations that can also be used in person. Use important telephone phrases to begin your conversation, you can also use these telephone English tips to help negotiate the conversation successfully. Role Playing Suggestions Here are some role plays for you to use in practicing your telephone English. Requesting Travel Information Student A: Choose a city in your country. You are going to travel to this city for a business meeting over the next weekend. Telephone a travel agency and reserve the following: Round-trip flightHotel room for two nightsRestaurant recommendationPrices and departure times Student B: You work in a travel agency. Listen to student A and offer him/her the following solutions: Round-trip flight: Air JW $450 Coach, $790 First ClassHotel room for two nights: Hotel City $120 a night in the downtown area, Hotel Relax $110 a night near the airportRestaurant Recommendation: Chez Marceau - downtown - average price $70 a person Product Information Student A: You need to purchase six new computers for your office. Call JAs Computer World and ask for the following information: Current special offers on computersComputer configuration (RAM, Hard Drive, CPU)GuarantyPossibility of discount for an order of six computers Student B: You work in at JAs Computer World answer student As questions using the following information: Two special offers: Multimedia Monster - with latest Pentium CPU, 256 RAM, 40 GB Hard Drive, Monitor included - $2,500 AND Office Taskmaster - cheaper CPU, 64 RAM, 10 GB Hard Drive, Monitor not included - $1,2001 Year guaranty on all computersDiscount of 5% for orders of more than five computers Leaving a Message Student A: You want to speak to Ms Braun about your account with her company, WW. If Ms Braun isnt in the office, leave the following information: Your nameTelephone number: 347-8910 (or use your own)Calling about changing conditions of your contract with WWYou can be reached until 5 oclock at the above number. If Ms Braun calls after 5 oclock, she should call 458-2416 Student B: You are a receptionist at WW. Student A would like to speak to Ms Braun, but she is out of the office. Take a message and make sure you get the following information: Name and telephone number - ask student A to spell the surnameMessage student A would like to leave for Ms BraunHow late Ms Braun can call student A at the given telephone number Selling Your Product Student A: You are a salesperson for Red Inc. You are telephoning a client who you think might be interested in buying your new line of office supplies. Discuss the following information with your client: New line of office supplies including: copy-paper, pens, stationary, mouse-pads and white boardsYou know the customer hasnt ordered any new products during this past yearSpecial discount of 15% for orders placed before next MondayAny order placed before Monday will not only receive the discount but also have its company logo printed on the products at no extra charge Student B: You work in an office and receive a telephone call from your local office supplier. As a matter of fact, you need some new office supplies so you are definitely interested in what the salesperson has to offer. Talk about the following: New pens, stationary and whiteboardsDo they have any special offersYou would like to place an order for 200 packages of copy paper immediately

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food - Essay Example Manchego cheese on the other hand is also derived from Spain, specifically the La Mancha region (Manchego Cheese 1). This cheese is produced by combined sheep’s milk and bread and allowing it to cure for a period of time. The final component of this particular dish is that of the croquettes. The observer quickly notes that this word is spelled in the French form. There exists a nearly identical offering in traditional Spanish cuisine; however, it is usually referred to as croquetas. In this way, the observer notes that a particular French influence over this particular dish is noted. As it is impossible to distinctly know what may be French about the way that the dish is prepared until it is sampled, this analysis will await a determination based upon that time. This particular dish is unique in that it is one of the few â€Å"fusion† dishes that exist on the menu. As such, the origin of the ingredients that make up this particular dish are not entirely and/or uniquely Spanish. Furthermore, until the dish is sampled it will be difficult to say with certainty whether the specific origin of the components of the dish. It is also interesting to note that â€Å"croquettes† are a dish that is enjoyed by over 18 different countries and a variety of different ethnicities. As it is such a common and widespread dish, it makes a great deal more sense as to why the dish could borrow the French version without necessarily losing the meaning or adulterating the level of the ethnic food offered. In this way, although it is a uniquely ethnic dish, it has the flair of universality that gives it a particular appeal even to those that may not have a great deal of experience ordering from a ethnically Spanish menu. Lastly, the dish appears to be a very simple yet tasty dish. The ingredients involved in its preparation include ham, cheese, and mashed potatoes rolled in a batter and

Friday, October 18, 2019

Module 2 and Journal Article Review 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 2 and Journal Article Review 2 - Essay Example A common approach of a country’s expanding population is the control of birth rates. The solution might be ideal for a certain amount of time but as the present young adults age in the future, a problem to sustain the needs and services for the elderly is projected. India’s elderly population is expected to rise up to 137 million by 2021 (â€Å"Aging in India,† n.d.). With a considerable chunk of this statistics to be under poverty line, the government has to hurdle a problem of the ‘proper’ distribution of support services since social security is only available for those elders who cannot support themselves. Since this is the legislation, another root of the problem which would have been solved in the past decades would be the lack of education. About 73% of the elders in India are illiterate and â€Å"dependent on hard labor† (â€Å"Aging in India,† n.d.). Basing on this record, it is logical to hypothesize that these elders are also living below poverty line making them eligible for government support. If they were able to get proper education in their early years, better employment opportunities should have been available for them, and a better chance for the government to decrease expenses. An existing problem of poverty is already a burden for the Indian government; adding their obligation for the elderly, the country is thought to be in a hopeless case. Their action for extensive taxation for the higher income families and providing social security only for those who need it the most are subject to questions on equality. On the other hand, there is not much choice left since imbalance in expenses and income suffers the country. A booming population with the majority counted as elders have adverse effects on the nation’s economy, while it is also practical for individual families to apply family planning. This public dilemma cripples the social and economic structure of developing countries, particul arly India. To expect that a single amendment on government policies will heal the situation overnight is unrealistic. Since establishing a quality and skillfully educated human resource can be a possible solution, to focus on increasing literacy and higher education attainment could offer a gradual, yet a healthy effect on India’s current economic status. Journal Review 2 Aging in India: A socioeconomic and health implications---analysis India’s twin problem leads to a common issue about the expanding population of the elderly. In H.B Chanana and P.P. Talwar’s article, it is understood that Indian demographics concerns about the economic and social implications of the subsequent rise of the aging population. A current situation of the nation’s financial struggle heightens the growing need of this sector of the population in terms of medical and social support. Basing on the major problems of the Indian elderly such as poverty, illiteracy and neglect, the government’s problem is not concentrated solely on the equal financial distribution but with support, in all its aspects. Summary Chanana and Talwar’s (1987) article entitled â€Å"Aging in India: Its socio-economic health implications† reveals an imbalance state of the population in India. There was once a proportion of population by age groups with the â€Å"

Homeland Security Department Plays Very Significant Role in Ensuring Research Paper

Homeland Security Department Plays Very Significant Role in Ensuring Security of the US - Research Paper Example The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is a federal intelligence agency heavily involved in homeland security since its establishment in the year 1947. The agency is involved in providing security intelligence on a national scale to USA’s senior policy makers and implementers. The agency’s director is nominated by the President on the consent and advice of the state senate. The appointed director oversees the agency’s budget, personnel and operations. At present, the number of people working in CIA cannot be disclosed publicly either is its budget. The agency’s budget and the number of employees are known and scrutinized only by the Budget management office and the Senate Intelligence committee. The agency has a number of responsibilities in the homeland security setup: Its most basic mission is to gather, analyse, conduct evaluation, and disseminate intelligence deemed foreign with the aim of assisting the country’s President and high-level policy-m akers in the government in formulating strategic decisions that are related to the overall security of the country (Gurr et al, 2009). This complex process integrates a number of steps. Identification of a national security problem, the collection of information, assessing present and perceived future situations based on the collected information, are definitely some of these steps (Douglas and Olshaker, 1999). The agency analysts only report the collected information and are not in any way mandated to make any policy recommendations (Sauter & Carafano, 2005). Making policy recommendations is left to other related agencies such as the Defense Department and the State Department. The CIA is also not involved in law enforcement that is done by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) (Douglas and Olshaker, 1999). The agency can also be engaged in actions deemed covert based on the President’s orders in line with the applicable law(s). CIA’s role in Homeland security is widely important. Its association  with Homeland Security is generally based on the agency’s four components/departments that work together in the processes of collecting information, analyzing the collected information, and disseminating it to senior officials in government  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Labor Market Effects of Immigrants in UAE Essay

Labor Market Effects of Immigrants in UAE - Essay Example This essay declares that statistical figures and theoretical statements are used in establishing the relationship between immigrants and labor market in the United Arab Emirates. A personal account of the positive and negative impacts of immigrants in the nation’s labor market is provided. This pape makes a conclusion that immigration, which entails moving into a new country with the sole purpose of setting up permanent residence, affects the economy. For illustration purpose, the movement of Europeans from Britain, Italy and Spain into America was the largest form of immigration in human history. Despite having citizenship in their native countries, European settlers moved into America with the sole purpose of establishing permanent residence in the new nation. Presently, immigration still occurs. Middle East nations like the United Arab Emirates receive thousands of immigrants annually from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh among other countries. Some of these immigrants have legal status, which means they have been cleared to enter and reside in the UAE awaiting citizenship. However, others are illegal immigrants entering the nation without receiving clearance from relevant authorities. Of all the Middle East nations, the United Arab Emirates receives the largest numbe r of immigrants. Based on UN statistics, 43% of immigrants in the Middle East reside in the UAE, while the remaining percentage is evenly distributed among nations like Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

Labour Governments measures to mitigate truancy in the U.K Essay

Labour Governments measures to mitigate truancy in the U.K - Essay Example From this research it is clear that truancy has been described as the absence of students from school without a valid reason. The duration of non – attendance varies from a single class to many weeks. Several reasons exist for such truant behaviour and bravado, depression, retention by the parents in order to supervise younger children at home, etc, are some of the usual reasons. Parentally approved absence from school poses a major quandary and endures despite the instructions of the 1996 Education Act that such absence could be sanctioned only by the school authorities. Moreover, several of the some of the seemingly credible reasons given by parents to account for the absence of their children from school are dubious. It has been observed that forty thousand students abstain from school each day without proper authorization. During the overhaul of the educational system in order to make available education and training to youth between fourteen to nineteen years of age, the Government of the United Kingdom proposed that there should be an incorporation of flexibility in the syllabus and that there should be an enhancement of the status of vocational training. Investment on its own is incapable of ensuring an education of a high standard. The requirement is to combine reform with investment. Some of the reforms that have been implemented, in order to achieve this objective, are specialist schools, literacy and numeracy strategies, superior vocational education and the right to adult skills training.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Labor Market Effects of Immigrants in UAE Essay

Labor Market Effects of Immigrants in UAE - Essay Example This essay declares that statistical figures and theoretical statements are used in establishing the relationship between immigrants and labor market in the United Arab Emirates. A personal account of the positive and negative impacts of immigrants in the nation’s labor market is provided. This pape makes a conclusion that immigration, which entails moving into a new country with the sole purpose of setting up permanent residence, affects the economy. For illustration purpose, the movement of Europeans from Britain, Italy and Spain into America was the largest form of immigration in human history. Despite having citizenship in their native countries, European settlers moved into America with the sole purpose of establishing permanent residence in the new nation. Presently, immigration still occurs. Middle East nations like the United Arab Emirates receive thousands of immigrants annually from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh among other countries. Some of these immigrants have legal status, which means they have been cleared to enter and reside in the UAE awaiting citizenship. However, others are illegal immigrants entering the nation without receiving clearance from relevant authorities. Of all the Middle East nations, the United Arab Emirates receives the largest numbe r of immigrants. Based on UN statistics, 43% of immigrants in the Middle East reside in the UAE, while the remaining percentage is evenly distributed among nations like Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

The Cost of Wal-Marts Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly Essay

The Cost of Wal-Marts Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly - Essay Example The essay "The Cost of Wal-Mart’s Low Prices Should Not Be Too Costly" analyzes the prices of Wal-mart. Wal-Mart helps the poor by providing low prices, but it can do better as an employer by offering competitive wage levels and benefits to its full-time workers, and promoting a culture of efficiency and equal opportunities, not unfair labor practices. Wal-Mart is good for the poor and the working class because it offers low prices and provides jobs, while being at par with other retailers in terms of Medicaid consumption. Wal-Mart, because of its sheer size, can maximize its economies of scale and scope to offer low prices every day. It is dedicated to driving down prices, so that it can pass its savings to consumers, and the effect is so large that Jason Furman of New York University compares Wal-Mart to a welfare program: â€Å"Wal-Mart's discounting on food alone boosts the welfare of American shoppers by at least $50 billion a year". The savings from shopping at Wal-Mart is significant enough, that consumers are saving billions of dollars every year. Aside from consumer savings, Wal-Mart is the world’s biggest retailer, so it is not surprising that it is the biggest private employer too. Olsson reports the extent of business and employment of Wal-Mart: â€Å"The company is the world's largest retailer, with $220 billion in sales, and the nation's largest private employer, with 3,372 stores and more than 1 million hourly workers†. The sales of the company enable it to hire millions of workers. ... Medicaid dependence is a concern for Wal-Mart too, but one which is not far from retailer companies in general. Mallaby reveals that 5 percent of Wal-Mart’s workers are on Medicaid, but this is a retail industry standard (357). The national average is 4 percent for all firms, so Wal-Mart’s effect on welfare usage is not worse than other firms. Considering these savings, employment, and use of Medicaid, Wal-Mart helps the poor and the working class. Despite these advantages, Wal-Mart has to work on its labor issues, in order to truly help the poor and the working classes, and the first step is improving wage levels and benefits to full-time workers. Olsson interviewed workers who revealed that Wal-Mart pays $16,000 to $18,000 a year (342). Jennifer McLaughlin, who works at Wal-Mart Supercenter #148, shares that her yearly wages reach only $16,800 (Olsson 342). Health benefits are not covered too. Wal-Mart provides the option of health insurance, but because it would â₠¬Å"deduct up to $85 from her biweekly paycheck of $550,† McLaughlin and numerous employees choose to rely on Medicaid (Olsson 342). McLaughlin is already with Wal-Mart for three years, and she deserves a more competitive pay and benefit package. Wal-Mart earns hundreds of billions of dollars every year, and it can use some of its millions to enhance the pay and benefits of its workers. Apart from low pay and poor benefits, Wal-Mart should be more concerned of the health and morale of its workers by not underpaying and overworking them. McLaughlin and other interviewed employees expose that some Wal-Mart managers force people to work overtime without pay (Olsson 345). Lawsuits are already filed against Wal-Mart for unpaid overtime. Wal-Mart cannot help the poor and the

Monday, October 14, 2019

How Math Is Used in Cooking Essay Example for Free

How Math Is Used in Cooking Essay Math is used for many things, but for me I will be using it in field of culinary arts. When many people think of math they automatically think of algebra or geometry, math is those things plus much more. Fractions, Measurements and weights are the kind of math that i will be using most in cooking. Classical cooking technique, baking and catering are all greatly effected by basic math fundamentals. I have to use exact measurements when making a beurre blanc or a consomme. measurements and math are very important to get the proper flavor and texture from any food being prepared . food is very precise, you need to use base elements before you can start improvising on your own. cooking is about more lenient in this regard but baking is a whole other world. Baking and pastry is pretty much chemistry but with food instead of raw elements. In chemistry of cooking you combine certain ingredients to produce other more finished products. When you are doing that every element needs to be weighed out exactly and combined in a certain manner, otherwise you will just end up with a mess. Catering is another place math is used to translate regular recipes into great volume, simple addition and multiplication aid in this field. If you have a simple recipe that serves 4-6 people you need to be able to multiply that by 10 or even 15 to feed many more people. Without basic math fundamentals one would not be able to create a meal or translate a recipe for a large catering job.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Critical Reflection Journalism Portfolio

Critical Reflection Journalism Portfolio The portfolio is designed to showcase my work and abilities as a potential journalist. In putting together my portfolio, I was guided by my interests; principles of journalism as taught in class and the requirements of the module. In the portfolio, I wrote about a train driver who blamed a non-existent bad weather for jumping the platform; the ‘dishonest’ and double standard manner the Cameron led coalition has handled the issue of tax avoidance involving Starbucks and the cases of looted funds from developing countries coming into the West, including Britain. I also wrote about the possibility that British universities may be turning out Islamic ‘terrorists’. There was also an interview with a Social Worker, who chose to remain anonymous, on the difficulties of effectively discharging social care work. The first thing I noticed with the module was the fast pace of activities required to meet my portfolio requirements. Ordinarily my class work tends to move fairly slowly. The truth is I was not prepared for the speed and discipline portfolio production demands. More importantly I had problems picking a news event to cover out of all the options suggested. There is a reason. In my first year at the university, for one of my journalism modules the class was asked to cover a particular lecture at the University’s Stratford campus. The whole exercise ended in agony. I ended up trying to make sense of a highly technical Science lecture and to make it relevant and interesting to an audience that was not scientific or particularly interested in how scientists go about their research. It was a nightmare. I must have done something however because I did very well with the copy. It was a difficult exercise and I believe I made a mental note to stay away from such assignments in the future. This explains therefore, my decision to write on economic and business topics. In one or two of my copies I veered to political issues but at the heart of all this was my passion for issues affecting my native African roots, the perceived injustices, inequalities, inefficient and corrupt regimes in African countries and Nigeria in particular. The general view is that such regimes are largely sustained by the patronising Western powers. I have conducted interviews before but was unprepared for an interviewee who wanted to remain anonymous. I was therefore unsure of how to retain credibility for my copy on social work without betraying the confidentiality I promised my interviewee. I decided therefore to tie the piece to the Baby P scandal. The core of the story was the burden of expectations society placed on the professionals who work in the social care work without , as they see it, â€Å"adequate resources and remuneration†, and also without making allowance for the fact that care service is not an exact science. Getting someone to speak on record for this piece was not easy and so, rather than ask around I decided to take the advice by Formichelli, Linda Diana Burrell (2003), and â€Å" found my own source†. Another advice I took to heart was to â€Å"give my interviewee a verbal ‘thanks’†after the interview. The module instilled in me a number of significant transferable skills. The first is the need to be organised. Nothing significant is achieved without detailed and thorough planning. I have also taken an ‘entrepreneurial’ attitude to work and learnt to be focused on the ‘consumer’ – the audience. Most importantly, I was learnt to have an eye for newsworthy stories, with my target audience at the back of my mind. For example I was in that Southeastern train that jumped the platform but was still able to write the story in the third party. I have learnt how to write news and features for publication. I learnt to generate ideas, to research those ideas and to produce copies based on those ideas, to a high standard. I have also been able to detail proposals to a high degree and therefore in my view in a position to pitch for commission with editors. But I am still learning The module also helped me to take advantage of new social media tools with which journalists can communicate with their audiences.I am now able to confidently upload copies to websites, where allowed. I am also able to write directly online and given the fact that the internet and social media tools can now be monitored, I am able to apply journalism principles responsibly. These principles include my obligation to truth; discipline of verification and to recognise the platform as a forum for public criticism and compromise. I am aware also that I am allowed to exercise my personal conscience and take full advantage of my blog and twitter accounts. I have come away from the module recognising the primacy of traditional journalism values, particularly that of fact verification. I recall a situation concerning the copy I submitted for publication on the risingeast.co.uk website on the looting and transfer of funds from developing countries, particularly Nigeria to the West. Dr. Andrew Calcutt, my module tutor was unwilling to publish certain parts of that copy until he had evidence that is already in the public domain on the individuals named in the piece. I went back and sourced more than thirty one pages of newspaper articles for him. I appreciated his position especially when he said he was acting on advice from the legal department. This informed my approach to all the pieces that I submitted. Additional values I picked on include: truth, clear and clean writing. These are core skills and knowledge that I believe will make me a competitive player in the contemporary media and journalism industries. I have learnt to think clearly and to make sense of the world around me; I also learnt to communicate clearly and directly; and to work co-operatively with colleagues. To be organized in my work is to be able to meet deadlines and to present my stories and their ideas to other people. The module helped me to eliminate the boundaries between print, multimedia and broadcast, and to be strong on good writing and critical thinking. It was uplifting seeing my module leader present a fresh approach to my first copy in minutes. I told myself, with time and practice, I’ll be like that. I learnt in practical terms how to identify workable and unique angles to news stories and features and how to remain focused on the message that I wish to convey. Another outcome was the how and why I should forget I have an opinion when putting a copy together. I am allowed to have an opinion but that opinion must not get in the way of the story I am telling my audience. I believed I managed that in the copies in my portfolio. I have always had an interest in following news, both serious and the mundane. This module reinforced this trait, which I consider one of my strengths. I am at home reading news online, in print and on mobile devices. One other strength I believe I have and which is essential to my programme is that of curiosity. I tend to observe and explore, asking questions, even in my everyday life. I read newspapers and magazines, watch news on television and listen to news on radio and still query them, trying to see them from different angles to see if they will come out the same way. I tend to stretch myself and to do things I wouldnt normally do, if only for the experience. This is essential to journalism. Lastly, I believe that any journalistic story must remain significant, interesting and relevant. I know I am good at this, but also mindful of the need to keep the news comprehensive and proportional. I appreciate that though I did not produce as many copies as I proposed to deliver, I am encouraged by the fact that I have picked up the necessary knowledge and skill to do so should I be able to work up the necessary discipline to effectively manage my time. I also note that I need to improve on my research efforts, particularly into the academic overview of journalism as a discipline. Nonetheless I have learnt a lot from this module. I know in practical terms what News is; I know how to recognise my audience and what it wants; how to write a story and how to pitch it to an Editor. I have picked up skills, I have met challenges which my training has helped me to get round. I have knowledge of how institutions work, and have highly developed communication skills which will work to my benefit. I am on my way. Bibliography Formichelli, Linda Diana Burrell (2003), The Renegade Writer: A Totally Unconventional Guide to Freelance Writing Success, New York: Marion Street Press Inc. Harrower, T (2007) Inside Reporting: A practical Guide to the Craft of Reporting, McGraw Hill, New York Sova, Dawn B. (2002), How to Write Articles for Newspapers and Magazines, London: Petersons,