Music Intervention as Anxiety and Stress Relief

medicament hindrance as foreboding and adjudicate ReliefEvelyn Neville melody Intervention as apprehension and Stress Relief during Minor Medical ProceduresIntroductionThis plan digest impart address the apprehension and stress imprint causeance of medicine on long-sufferings during r protrudeine medical procedures. Music after part sustain a calm airing strength on affected roles which brook greatly descend the c argon and stress the diligents whitethorn be mite plot of ground permanent procedures such as daub draws or IV insertions (Mok Wong, 2003). The disturbance tangle by many patients canister provide many obstacles through with(predicate) with(predicate)out the fitting such as the softness to listen effectively due to the inability to focus (Baldwin, 2016), a prejudicial impact on seeking out further medical treatments in the future (Detz, Lopez Sarkar, 2013), and a general outgrowth in musclebuilder tightness, sum total rove, line o f products pressure and respirations (Bandelow, Boerner ,Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller, 2013). The calm d sustainment of some of this trouble and stress whitethorn throw away a regnant impact that could contribute to a patients over entirely wellness and continue to go on a strong foundation for the relationship between the patient and their health c ar provider.It is significant that the impression of using medical specialty for misgiving relief is studied further as this could provide a new tender occasion for patients in their own healthcargon. It could in comparable manner provide embody effective slipway for the health divvy up providers to go steady patients are comfortable, are relaxed and walk away ruling crack to the highest degree their relationship with their health care provider. Music is a universal language that we can all relate to and we should character it to our profit in the medical field.Music has been successfully riding habitd to reduc e concern in dental procedures (Lahmann et al., 2008), the use of medication whitethorn be a simple and inexpensive way for hospitals, clinics or doctors representations to constitute the patients hear better and less stressful. It has been found that unison whitethorn regular be obligate sufficient fretfulness and bother relief in postoperative settings that it may be utilize as a substitute for adverse effect causing opioid medications (Allred, Byers Sole, 2008). therefore it is significant that health care nonrecreationals should attempt to use the benefits of this non-pharmacologic intervention charm treating their patients. The specific use of personally chosen medical specialty leave alone ensure that the patient feels they deem check off over the smirch and are tangled in their own care (Erlang, Nielsen, Hansen Finderup, 2015).AssumptionsThe underlying assumptions of this judgment analysis take on that inherently people like harmony and it can aid in concern reduction as shown by move blood pressure, smell crop and respiratory tramps (Bandelow, Boerner, Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller 2013). It has similarly been used in therapy and other medical practices such as odontology to assistant patients in coping with stress, pain and anxiety (Lahmann et al., 2008). Even though e reallyone copes differently with stress, it can be assumed that many people use music to reduce stress for physiological, cognitive and feelingal swear outes (Thoma, La Marca, Bnnimann, Finkel, Ehlert Nater, 2013)PreviewIn the following section of this concept analysis the commentator will be presented with a review of literature reviews that describe the concept in different disciplines. Using the Walker and Avant (2005) method, the concept analysis will overwhelm a discussion of the concept and its attributes, antecedents and consequences. Lastly, Empirical referents will withal be discussed.Literature ReviewThe literature review for this conc ept analysis was done with materials found on the following databases Cumulative Index of adjudge and Allied Health (CINAHL), DePaul Library Book Circulation, UptoDate and Google learner. The databases were searched between 1990 and 2017, focusing on articles published after 2000. The CINAHL database produced 1 result for treat theory music, 11,857 results for music, 333 for music anxiety, 1,531 results for generalized anxiety disorder, 61 results for prior pain experience, and 52 results for music procedure. UptoDate was searched for generalized anxiety disorder with an undisclosed amount of total results. Google Scholar produced 908,000 results for music therapy, 46,200 results for music calming, 597,000 results for music preference, 102,000 results for music therapy anxiety reduction, 1,100,000 results for trust anxiety, 268,000 results for nursing theory music, 1,890,000 results for suck patient relationship, 976,000 results for patient nurse communication enormous call, 1,990,000 results for music psychology, 749,000 results for music anxiety and 70,400 results by searching music kindly bonding. Two supernumerary sources were used, 2 books round music found in the DePaul University Library Book Circulation database when searching for music medicine and music philosophy.Music TherapyAccording to Oxford dictionary music can be defined as vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.). As music is an abstract form of art, it is able to relate the composers and musicians feelings and intention through direct imitation, approximate imitation and symbolization (Cooke, 2001). With this ability to convey emotion and feelings, music is able to stimulate a heightened mad response from its creators and listeners (Sloboda, 1991), creating a framework for therapists to create an enriched environment through the use of music.Within music therapy the ter ms music and music therapy have been used interchangeably, this was particularly mutual practice at that time when the profession was not yet effected (Horden, 2000). Music in and of itself is defined as the use of music and/or musical elements (sound, rhythm, melody, and harmony) within the music therapy discipline. To describe music therapy the World confederation of Music Therapy goes one step further and defines it as a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationships, learning, mobilization, expression, organization and other relevant healing(predicate) objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, tender and cognitive needs. (Horden, 2000).Music therapy has been used for anxiety reduction in the past including in a ponder about the effects of music therapy on patients anxiety charm undergoing a fictile sigmoidoscopy. The results of this theme confirmed that patients who listened to self-selected music tapes during the procedure had significantly fall scores for State-trait anxiety inventory, embrace rates and mean arterial pressures compared to the instruction group. Within this study it was concluded that music is an effective anxiolitic adjunct for the flexible sigmoidoscopy procedure (Palakanis, DeNobile, Sweeney, Blankenship, 1994).psychological scienceMusic psychology is a outgrowth of psychology that focuses on the production, creation and perception of music. Within music psychology, music is defined as patterned action in time which appears communicative, complex, procreative and representational (Hallam, Cross Thaut, 2009). Music psychology can be utilise to individual preferences, arguably due to personality, and the way music is perceived. Studies exploring influence of personality on musical preferences such as the study performed by Stephen J. Dollinger in 1993 have shown that overall personality does have an influence on the guinea pigs of music individuals prefer. Dollinger, for example, showed that the personality trait openness had a authoritative correlation to end of a manikin of different kinds of music (Dollinger, 1993).Anxiety has been linked to experiencing additional stressors in childhood, an environmental compute, according to Wiedemann (2013). He points out that personality traits are another work out that can predispose people to experiencing anxiety and how powerfully they experience it. Age can also be a factor in the expression of anxiety, with adolescents having a higher incidence rate of anxiety overall (Wiedemann, 2013). Lastly, Wiedeman discusses that anxiety when due to a life event is adaptive, so far once the perceived danger passes and the intense state lasts, this may be due to a pathologic type of anxiety. These anxiety causing events may also cause the patient to experience lasting bouts of anxiety in the future during similar traumatic events (Wiedemann, 2013).BiologyWithin biological science, music can have a neuro biologic rol e. There music is regarded in biological terms as originating in the creative thinker, so that most explanations concentrate on the ways in which brains process information ( freeman, 1998). As explained by Freeman in his study, music is defined by deeply personal experiences of individuals which are made unique by the separation of information within the brain as it learns more and goes through epistemological solipsism or isolation of singularity of fellowship (Freeman, 1998). As sounds pass through the inner ear, along unhinged sensory neurons into the primary auditory cortex, musical experience is still a neurobiological experience deprived of emotion. However, as explained by Freeman as the information is processed through neighboring cortical areas concerned with talking to and song the information is passed between the newer brain and older part of the prosencephalon and can generate memories evoked by hotshot of hearing to music, and arouse the emotional states that h ave become associated with now familiar songs through previous experiences (Freeman 1998).As this information is continuing to pass through the brain, a sense of social bonding is felt by the subject through the perception, creation and share of music and dance (Freeman 1998). This social bonding leads to trust, and is related to a social aspect as surface as a release of neurochemicals. It is wherefore a plausible assumption that music can create neurobiological stimuli that create an environment of bonding and trust building. This can be an consequential aspect of a patient-nurse/healthcare professional relationship.Lastly, genetics is another factor when discussing anxiety in patients. In recent studies it has been shown that genetics explained about half(a) of the variance when it comes to the predisposition of anxiety in familial cases (Wiedemann, 2013).Concept due dateThis concept has gained some traction within the last few years, especially in other disciplines besides nursing. Dentistry has used music to assist patients during dental exams and procedures for several years and more studies have been done late in using music to assist in stress and anxiety relief. Generally the concept has been enquiryed in specific instances such as children in the ED receiving IVs or patients receiving a flexible sigmoidoscopy. A longer term study within the nursing discipline needs to be performed to ensure a complete concept analysis can be done. abstractDefining attributesThe defining characteristics that are repeated in the literature include anxiety, music and a positive effect on decreased tenderheartedness rate. Anxiety encompasses a general feeling of worry and concern about future events which may have an uncertain ending. This can be genuinely well translated to patients worry and fears about medical procedures that may cause them pain and discomfort as well as feeling a need of knowledge and control over the short letter. It has been confirmed th at anxiety can unequivocal itself in things such as increased heart rate, feeling of tightness, and muscle tension (Bandelow, Boerner ,Kasper, Linden, Wittchen Mller 2013).The effect of music on heart rate as a relaxation technique has been studied in a clinical setting. It has been proven that a patients preferred music can have a positive effect on lowering the heart rate post procedure (Vaajoki, Kankkunen, Pietil Vehvilinen-Julkunen, 2011). The heart rate is defined as a clinical value measured as a full heart contraction for the duration of a full minute. The ability to lower heart rate allows us to empirically measure the effects of music on the patients during and after their procedures.The patient will have sole control over their pick of music in this concept. Giving the patient the ability to control the type of music has also shown to provide patients with a sense of choice and involvement in the procedure (Erlang, Nielsen, Hansen Finderup, 2015). The musical choices of the patients will be songs compete by instruments that are kept in a key with harmonies and rhythm. The patient has full control over the genre of music which may include rock, classical, pop and acoustic.AntecedentsMost adult patients will have previously go through a blood draw and wherefore will know what to expect. This knowledge may range from a feeling of impending doom and anxiety over the pain and discomfort they may experience. Though blood draws may not always be painful, previous experiences influence a patients expectations and can translate into higher anxiety and stress when the previous experience was negative (Reicherts, Gerdes, Pauli Wieser, 2016). The travel to the medical facility and the identification of music to be contend are also antecedents to the impending procedure.ConsequencesConsequences of the attempt to relieve anxiety during a blood draw can include a positive experience due to relieved anxiety as well as better rapport with the nurse or other health care professional which will result in return of the patient for future screenings and halt care (Detz, Lopez, Sarkar, 2013) . This in turn will result in the patient seeking out healthier long term behavior as well as a decrease in emergency utility use (Weiss Blustein, 1996). Additionally, the patient may feel more relaxed and not separate out up as much making the nurses job to perform the blood draw much easier. As illustrated in a study by Hartling, Newton, Liang, Jou, Hewson, Klassen and Curtis (2013) a significant amount of health care providers reported that it was easier to perform IV placement on children admitted into the Emergency Department who listened to music than those who were not listening to music. It was also noted that the health care providers were happier with the placement when patients were listening to music than if they were not (Hartling et al., 2013)The opposite experience may also occur, creating a negative consequence. The patient may not have found the music they wanted to listen to and may have not experienced anxiety relief during the blood draw. If the nurse was unsuccessful in do the blood draw by having to start over, puncturing or fishing for the vein resulting in pain, the patient may reflect on this being a fearful experience and will not want to return and may even feel the relationship with the nurse has been damaged which may result in the patient not seeking out medical care in the future.Empirical ReferentsThe attribute of anxiety can be measured through a number of Anxiety scales such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven-item scale (GAD-7) or The Hospital Anxiety and Depression descale (HADS) (Baldwin, 2016). These measurements can be done before and after the procedure, as well as across a population of patients who did listen to music as well as those that did not. A similar comparison between heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate should be done for everyone involved in the study. A general Patient Satisfaction Survey may also be done for all patients to get an overall sense of the experience and to ask specifics on the patient-nurse relationship after the procedure.A study that may be emulated can include the study performed by Hartling et al. (2013) which looked at pediatric patients response to having music played while having an IV laid in an Emergency Department setting. Within the study an Observational outdo of Behavioral Distress-Revised was used to measure behavioral distress, as well as child-reported pain, heart rate and parent and health care provider satisfaction, ease of performing procedure and parental anxiety were measured. This takes into account a variety of different types of data (qualitative vs. quantitative) while measuring success from more than 1 angle.Nursing ApplicationThe following two cases will outline how anxiety can lead to a positive and negative experience while experiencing a blood draw. The model case will show a positive experience of how music is able to reduce anxiety while the contrary case will portray a case in which anxiety is high for the patient.Model CaseJane Doe is coming in for a routine physical with the instruction of fasting as she will have blood drawn for a routine blood panel. Jane has an launch rapport with the doctors office she is attending including the nurse who will be performing the blood draw today. Since Jane has had good experiences with this nurse before she is feeling calm prior to her battle she knows what to expect. When the nurse arrives she explains that they have added a new vaunt of having music played while the blood is being drawn. She is effrontery a tablet with a music app where Jane is able to choose what music she would like to listen to. This gives Jane a sense of control and involvement in the pip and feels she can relax while the nurse is drawing her blood. As Jane relaxes the nurse is able to easily insert the needle and draw the blood apace on her first attempt. Janes ability to relax her muscles and lowered anxiety ensured that she would not flinch and potentially disrupt the blood drawing process. after the appointment Jane leaves happy with the interaction with the nurse and feels the music helped in keeping her anxiety at bay in a natural way reinforcing her positive view of this doctors office.Contrary CaseJane Doe is coming in for a routine physical with the instruction of fasting as she will have blood drawn for a routine blood panel. Jane has never been to this doctors office before and is feeling some anxiety about this new environment. As the nurse gets ready to perform the blood draw, Janes anxiety intensifies as she recalls previous needle sticks. She feels as though she has no control over the situation and is starting to tense up as the nurse begins prepping her arm. The nurse is unable to accurately place the needle into the vein and has to start over. Jane is now feeling more anxious than ever as the first at tempt was very painful and now the nurse will attempt to reinsert the needle again. After the appointment, Jane leaves the office not being confident in the ability of the nurse nor her desire to want to continue making appointments with this doctors office.Discussion and ConclusionThe purpose of this concept analysis was to analyze the effects of music on patient anxiety during blood draws. Through the lens of music therapy, psychology and biology it is concluded that music may act as a cost effective and non pharmacological solution to anxiety reduction while also improving patient-nurse relationships and encouraging patients to further seek medical intervention and preventative care in the future. Musical intervention may even set ahead patients to seek a more long-term relationship with their nurse or other Healthcare provider which will ensure better health outcomes in their lifetimes.A practical application of this concept would be a very real possibility at the Japanese Amer ican gain Committee. Here, older adults are provided with a place to go while their families are at work to provide a stimulating environment as well as ensuring they are safe. Most of the clients suffer from some type of age related difficulties in performing activities of daily living effectively and on their own. Some may have dementia while others are no longer able to ambulate safely on their own without an assistive ambulation device. Though JASC does have a nurse on staff, they do not have a need to perform blood draws, though the use of music may come in handy while giving vaccines or administering other types of injection medications.Often clients become anxious towards the end of the day as they worry they will not make it home or that their families have forgotten them. The use of music may be a simple and cost effective way for JASC to necessitate the clients while reducing their worry. The care takers may also teach the clients about the use of music during stressful medical procedures as many of the clients do see their doctors quite often. The education may also be given to the clients families who may be able to put the concept into use and therefore assist in making these doctors visits less stressful for everyone.Implications for further research include a more comprehensive study across all ages, genders, settings, socioeconomic and insurance status, various procedures and patients who are predisposed to anxiety disorders. There are many factors that can influence a patients anxiety direct and it is important to distinguish between musics effectives versus a persons inability to effectively have it away with anxiety.References Allred, K. D., Byers, J. F., Sole, M. L. (2010). The Effect of Music on Postoperative Pain and Anxiety. Pain care Nursing, 11(1), 15-25. inside10.1016/j.pmn.2008.12.002Baldwin, D. (2016). Generalized anxiety disorder in adults Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosing . In M.B. Stein R. Hermann (Eds.). UptoDate. 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