The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example for Free

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy EssaySummarize a locating that required U.S. diplomatic exploits during chairwoman Reagans time in office.The situation that required U.S. diplomatic conflict was the Reagan Doctrine. In the 1980 election, Ronald Reagan advocated the elimination of all assistance to the Nicaraguan government. As a candidate, he ran on a platform that convicted the bolshy Sandinista takeover of Nicaragua and pledged erect for the efforts of the Nicaraguan people to establish a desolate and independent government. Once Reagan took over the Presidency, high-ranking policy makers suspended and then canceled economic aid to Nicaragua. The politics began to formulate more coercive measures. President Ronald Reagan took office determined to do something about what he considered a growing tide of Soviet expansionism. To do so, his administration certain a strategy to aid anti-Soviet insurgencies in the Third World in their attempts to overthrow Marxist regimes (Al an Riding, 1980).In February 1981, when Robert McFarlane (then assistant to Secretary of State horse parsley Haig) submitted a proposal for a coordinated political, economic, military, and covert approach to the Central American crisis (El Salvador and Nicaragua), the issue reached the fair House. Eventually labeled the Reagan Doctrine, the strategy had matured enough by 1985 for the president to assert that the join States must non break faith with those who ar risking their liveson every continent, from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet support aggression. In 1986 President Reagan declared, America will support with moral and material assistance, your right not to fight and die for freedom, exactly to fight and win freedom in Afghanistan, in Angola, in Cambodia, and in Nicaragua.However, a conflict developed over the application of the Reagan Doctrine to Nicaragua, where rebels known as the contras opposed the Sandinista government, which came topower in a fortunate re volution in 1979. This conflict reflected the high priority assigned the issue by the president and the raging scrutiny given the policy by Congress. Since the policy making process extended over some(prenominal) years and included many players, the Nicaragua case makes for a splendid study in the American inappropriate policy making process (Scott, James M., 1997). Explicate the diplomatic philosophical system the president followed, with reference to particular(prenominal) actions or events that occurred.During the Reagans first term, the Soviet leadership changed from Leonid Brezhnev to Yuri Andropov to Konstantin Cherenkov. Over that four year period, Reagan maintained his inflexible rhetoric about the Soviet Union even referring to it in a Florida speech as an offensive empire. He also launched a massive military expansion course, as President John Kennedy had do twenty years earlier, to impress Soviet leaders that he intended to deal with them from a personate of str ength in Europe, Asia, and Africa, where they had made significant gains in Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. He believed he had a clear code from the American people to reverse the trend of the previous decade and make America militarily fond and politically decisive in foreign policy. During President Reagans time in office the Reagan doctrine was in affect, which involved military and material support for indigenous resistance movements struggling to overthrow Soviet-sponsored tyrannies.The Reagan administration supported such guerrillas in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Angola and Nicaragua in efforts to rollback the Soviet empire. In addition, President Reagan worked with the Vatican and the international wing of the AFL-CIO to go on alive the Polish trade union solidarity, despite a ruthless crackdown by General Wojciech Jaruzelskis regime. During this time in 1983 President Reagan ordered American troops to invade Grenada and liberate the island from its ruling Marxist dictator. I n 1983 President Reagan also announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a new program to research, and eventually deploy missile defensive structures that offered the promise, in Reagans words, of making nuclear weapons obsolete. (Luard, Evan. 1987) Describe the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and former(a) countries.A primary achievement was reestablishment of a strong relationship withNATO. When President Reagan came to office, European governments mistrusted the linked States because of what they perceive as President Carters indecisiveness in foreign policy and excessive moralizing about homo rights. President Reagan reversed those perceptions, even though he shocked many Europeans with his strong anti-Soviet rhetoric. NATO leaders applauded his defense buildup and the forceful way in which he handled the decision to proceed with INF deployments despite intense Soviet squeeze against the move and massive demonstrations in Europe by antinuclear groups (J T Rourke, C T Guilford, 1991).President Reagan open a particularly strong relationship with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher by documentation her effort to regain control of the Falkland Islands in 1982. He did so in the face of strong opposition by Washingtons Latin American allies, which supported Argentinas seizure of the islands by force, and some opposition within his administration. However the major(ip) drawback of President Reagans doctrine was that it antagonized some of the opposite countries.Assess, in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed.In conclusion the advantages of the Reagan doctrine are the relative low cost of supporting guerilla forces compared to the Soviet Unions expenses in the build up of client states. An opposite was the lack of direct involvement of American troops, which allowed the U.S. to confront Soviet allies without any casualties. Another was the fact that President Reagan was able to build up our military forces for other countries to take note that we are a force to be reckoned with.However the disadvantages is that policies such as our support of the fighters in Afghanistan created possibilities for blowback as people armed by the United States did not necessarily pct the interests of the United States beyond resisting Soviet influence. One might also argue that it perpetuated, even added to, a military-industrial tortuous that soaks up billions in budget spending. Then, of course, there was the fact that American money and weapons went toward killing people about the world, which scarcely enhanced the image of the country. The major drawback of Reagans doctrine was that it antagonized some of the other countries. Summarize events amidst the U.S. and at least one (1) of the countries you wrote about in the first paper since the end of the ColdWar.In thick the events that took place among the U.S. and Nicaragua had taken place from 1981-1986. The first event was that the U.S. ended aid to Nicaragua after conclusion evidence the Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union where supplying arms to Salvadorian rebels, The second event was the U.S. House of representatives passed the Boland Amendment which prohibits the U.S. from supplying the Nicaraguan contras with arms for overthrowing the Sandinista government. The third event is when the CIA mines Nicaraguas harbors in a covert operation. Both U.S. enemies and allies condemn the action. Nicaragua sues the U.S. in the world court, and in June 1986 the court finds the U.S. guilty of violating International law.The fourth event is Daniel Ortega, leader of the FSLN, is pick out president of Nicaragua. The fifth event is that the U.S. suspends talks with Nicaragua. U.S. president Ronald Reagan describes the Nicaragua contras as Freedom Fighters and compares them to Americas mental institution fathers. President Reagan initiates economic sanctions against Nicaragua. The sixth event was th e U.S. congress approves humanitarian aid package for the Nicaraguan contras. The seventh event that took place was a plane carrying a U.S. military supply to the contras was shot down and the however American survivor is captured. And finally the U.S. government announces that contrary to the Boland Amendment the U.S. has been providing military aid to the contras. The supplies were purchased with funds diverted from the gross sales of U.S. arms to Iran. This would come to be known as the Iran-contra affair. Identify and describe the current relationship between the U.S. and one (1) of the countries you wrote about in the first paper.The U.S. Government has clearly stated that the November 2011 elections marked a turnabout to democracy in Nicaragua and undermined the ability of Nicaraguans to hold their government accountable. The United States has promoted national reconciliation, encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through and through dialogue and compromise. I t recognizes as legitimate all political forces that abide by the democratic process and eschew violence.U.S. assistance is focused on strengthening democratic institutions stimulating sustainable economic growth supporting the health and basic education sectors and increasing the effectiveness of Nicaraguas efforts to combat transnational crimes, including narcotics trafficking, money laundering, illegal noncitizen smuggling, international terrorist and criminal organizations, and trafficking in persons. Key U.S. policy goals for Nicaragua also include improving respect for human rights and resolving outstanding high-profile human rights cases and developing a free market economy with respect for piazza and intellectual property rights (U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, 2011). Select a country you did not publish about in the first paper, and describe the current U.S. diplomatic approach to the country.First, the United States simply did not hurt a diplomatic miss ion to Iraq that could have taken on public finesse responsibilities in 2003 because the United States severed its diplomatic relations with Iraq following that countrys invasion and occupation of Kuwait in 1990. In the absence of civilian human infrastructure that could have taken on public diplomacy and other civilian tasks, the Bush Administration turned to the US military which possessed a readily obtainable and deployable capability to meet this crucial need. Since the 2003 US invasion and occupation of Iraq, a country that poses the most repugn and important test of American engagement in the region, the American military has led public diplomacy efforts end-to-end the country.Following the invasion, the US military began conducting many forms of public affairs and public diplomacy (PD) functions throughout Iraq. Military Public Affairs Officers held press conferences, engaged American and foreign journalists, organized cultural events, and highlighted the incontrovertibl e aspects of the United States continued presence in Iraq, among other significant public diplomacy activities. Needless to say, these are not functions normally conducted by the US military (S. E. Duggan, 2012). Contrast and compare the two (2) relationshipsThe relationship between the United States of America and The Republic of Iraq are currently guided by two historic agreements a Strategic Framework Agreement (SFA) that covers our overall political, economic, and securityrelationship with Iraq, and a Security Agreement other than known as the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) that implements our security relationship. Both agreements protect U.S. interests in the Middle East, armed service the Iraqi people stand on their own, and reinforce Iraqi sovereignty.However the relationship between the United States of America and Nicaragua relations, the bilateral relationship, though tense at times, appears to be generally intact. One cause of tension has been President Ortegas te ndency to vacillate between anti-U.S. rhetoric and reassurances that he will respect personal property and pursue free-trade policies. The United States provides significant foreign assistance to Nicaragua, and the two countries cooperate on issue narcotics, trade, and security matters.The relationships between the two countries and the U.S. as you can see are different, however the U.S. tends to help anyone and everyone that asks for it. The United States of America has spent billions of dollars helping these two countries get back on their feet. Using the (2) countries as examples ingeminate how the U.S. has changed the way it relates to other countries in the past 20 years.American political culture has changed considerably in the past twenty years, particularly with regard to American foreign policy and its relationship with the rest of the world. Your text edition discusses the debates surrounding the issue of exporting democracy to other parts of the world this debate enco mpasses the humanitarian, economic, and political ramifications of the cattle ranch of democratic regimes. The changes in American political culture over the last twenty years have impacted this debate, and have affected the role that America plays in the world at large.ReferencesAlan Riding, Central Americans economic rent on U.S. Voting, New York Times, 4 August 1980 Scott, James M., Political Science Quarterly, Interbranch rivalry and the Reagan Doctrine in Nicaragua. 00323195, Summer97, Vol. 112, jazz 2 Luard, Evan. International Affairs. Autumn87, Vol. 63 Issue 4, p563. 12p. J T Rourke, International Politics on the World Stage, Guilford,CT Dushkin Publishing Group, 1991, pp 295-296, 307-308. U.S. Department of State, Diplomacy in Action, 2011, www.state.gov Duggan, Sean E. Middle East Journal. Winter2012, Vol. 66 Issue 1, p53-78. 26p. Nuechterlein, Donald E., Perspectives on Political Science, The Reagan doctrine in perspective.10457097, Winter90, Vol. 19, Issue 1 McDermott , Rose. Journal of Cold War Studies. Fall2002, Vol. 4 Issue 4, p29-59. 31p. DOI 10.1162/15203970260209509. Roskin M.G., Berry N.O. The New World Of International Relations. 2010, Pearson Education Company, Ch4, p58-59.